Systems to treat PFAS and other persistent organic compounds and oxidizable matter in aqueous fluids
Devices, apparatus, and methods to treat Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and related telomeres including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS), and other recalcitrant highly stable organic compounds, substances, organic matter, infectious fluids, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical, and otherwise oxidizable material contaminants in water, aqueous fluids, condensates, concentrates, brines, and spent solid adsorbent media. The system can include hydrodynamic cavitation; acoustic sonication; electrochemical oxidation; in-line static mixing; and supplemental reagent precursors to create powerful oxidizing conditions within the equipment, and oxidants by the system that destroy said contaminants.
1. A system for treating oxidizable matter, the system comprising:
a conduit configured to receive an aqueous fluid;
a cavitation reactor having (+ 1 ) an inlet in fluid communication with the conduit and configured to receive the aqueous fluid from the conduit, and (ii) an outlet opposite the inlet, the cavitation reactor comprising:
a cavitation nozzle fluidically coupled to the inlet, the cavitation nozzle comprising a shell and a tip disposed within the shell, wherein the shell has a first cross-sectional dimension, and wherein the tip is fixedly attached to and extends from an inner surface of the shell, such that the tip defines an orifice having a second cross-sectional dimension smaller than the first cross-sectional dimension, wherein a difference between the first and second cross-sectional dimensions is configured to cause a pressure differential of at least 25 pounds per square inch (psi) for the aqueous fluid flowing from the shell through the orifice,
a cavitation chamber downstream of the cavitation nozzle, wherein the cavitation chamber has a third cross-sectional dimension larger than the first cross-sectional dimension, wherein a difference between the first and third cross-sectional dimensions is configured to cause cavitation bubbles to form within the aqueous fluid flowing from the cavitation nozzle to the cavitation chamber, and
transducers surrounding at least a portion of the cavitation chamber and extending along a length of the cavitation chamber, wherein the transducers are configured to convert electrical energy to acoustic energy and transmit the acoustic energy toward the cavitation chamber; and
an electrochemical oxidation reactor in fluid communication with the cavitation reactor, wherein the electrochemical oxidation reactor is configured to be electrically connected to a power source.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cavitation reactor is configured to be oriented vertically in operation such that the inlet is below the outlet and the aqueous fluid flows upward from the inlet through the shell and the tip to the cavitation chamber.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical oxidation reactor is a first electrochemical oxidation reactor downstream of the cavitation reactor, the system further comprising a second electrochemical oxidation reactor upstream of and in fluid communication with the cavitation reactor.
4. The system of claim 3 , further comprising an in-line static mixer upstream of and in fluid communication with the second electrochemical oxidation reactor.
5. The system of claim 4 , further comprising a manifold in fluid communication with the conduit and the static mixer, the manifold comprising a plurality of process components in parallel to one another and configured to receive a reagent.
6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the mixer comprises a mix tank, a hydrodynamic mixer, or a mixing reactor.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical oxidation reactor is a first electrochemical oxidation reactor upstream of the cavitation reactor, the system further comprising:
a first mixer upstream of and fluidically coupled to the first electrochemical reactor;
a second mixer downstream of the cavitation reactor; and
a second electrochemical oxidation reactor downstream of the second mixer.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the first mixer or the second mixer comprises a channel including a curvature and/or one or more turns.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein at least one of the first mixer or the second mixer is a static mixer without moving parts.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first mixer or the second mixer comprises a channel comprising a curvature and/or one or more turns.
11. A system for treating oxidizable matter, the system comprising:
a conduit configured to receive an aqueous fluid including oxidizable matter;
a cavitation reactor having (i) an inlet in fluid communication with the conduit and configured to receive the aqueous fluid and (ii) an outlet opposite the inlet, the cavitation reactor comprising:
a cavitation nozzle fluidically coupled to the inlet, the cavitation nozzle comprising a shell and a tip disposed within the shell,
wherein the shell has a first cross-sectional dimension, and wherein the tip is fixedly attached to and extends inwardly from an inner surface of the shell, such that the tip defines an orifice having a second cross-sectional dimension smaller than the first cross-sectional dimension,
a cavitation chamber downstream of the cavitation nozzle,
wherein the cavitation chamber has a third cross-sectional dimension larger than the first cross-sectional dimension, and
wherein a difference between the first and third cross-sectional dimensions is configured to cause cavitation bubbles to form within the aqueous fluid flowing from the cavitation nozzle to the cavitation chamber, and
transducers surrounding at least a portion of the cavitation chamber and extending along a length of the cavitation chamber, wherein the transducers are configured to convert electrical energy to acoustic energy and transmit the acoustic energy toward the cavitation chamber;
a first mixer upstream of and fluidically coupled to the cavitation reactor,
wherein the first mixer comprises a channel comprising a curvature and one or more turns;
a second mixer downstream of and fluidically coupled to the cavitation reactor,
wherein the second mixer comprises a channel comprising a curvature and one or more turns; and
an electrochemical oxidation reactor downstream of the first mixer and in fluid communication with the cavitation reactor.
12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the electrochemical oxidation reactor is a first electrochemical oxidation reactor upstream of the cavitation reactor, the system further comprising a second electrochemical oxidation reactor downstream of the second mixer.