Method and apparatus for rapid and selective tissue ablation with cooling
Systems, tools and methods are disclosed for the selective and rapid application of DC voltage to drive irreversible electroporation, with the system controller capable of being configured to apply voltages to independently selected subsets of electrodes and capable of generating at least one control signal to maintain the temperature near an electrode head within a desired range of values. Electrode clamp devices are also disclosed for generating electric fields to drive irreversible electroporation while modulating temperature to elevate the irreversible electroporation threshold utilizing a variety of means such as cooling fluid or solid state thermoelectric heat pumps.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a voltage pulse generator configured to produce a pulsed voltage waveform, the pulsed voltage waveform including a plurality of pulses;
a medical clamp including a first arm and a second arm, the first arm and the second arm defining a volume to receive a target tissue, the first arm configured to be spaced apart from the second arm by a distance, the medical claim including a plurality of electrodes; and
an electrode controller configured to be operably coupled to the voltage pulse generator, the electrode controller implemented in at least one of a memory or a processor, the electrode controller including:
a feedback module configured to determine (i) the distance based on a measured value associated with the distance and (ii) a temperature of a target tissue to which the medical clamp is coupled;
a cooling module configured to produce and deliver a signal to a cooling unit of the medical clamp to maintain a portion of the target tissue at a target temperature; and
a pulse delivery module configured to deliver an output signal associated with the pulsed voltage waveform, wherein a characteristic of the output signal is based on the determined distance, to a subset of electrodes from the plurality of electrodes to cause the subset of electrodes to collectively generate a pulsed electric field that ablates the target tissue.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target temperature is below a body temperature.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target temperature is below about 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the electrode controller is configured to interface with an external device to program at least one of an amplitude of the output signal, a period of the output signal, or a duration of the output signal.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cooling module includes any one of a cooling coil, a thermo-electric cooler, or a heat pump.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cooling module is configured to produce the signal based at least in part on the temperature of the target tissue.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic of the output signal is at least one of: an amplitude of the output signal, a period of the output signal, or a duration of the output signal.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the pulse waveform has an amplitude between about 0.5 kilovolts (kV) and about 60 kV.
9. The apparatus claim 1 , wherein the measured value is a voltage induced in a receiver disposed on the first arm or the second arm by a magnetic field generated by a transmitter disposed on the other of the first arm or the second arm.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the feedback module is configured to determine the distance based on the induced voltage, a current associated with the magnetic field, and one or more parameters associated with the transmitter and the receiver.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal is a time-varying signal such that the time-varying signal, when delivered by the cooling module to the cooling unit, causes the cooing unit to apply cooling to the portion of the target tissue in pulses to maintain the portion of the target tissue at the target temperature.
12. A non-transitory processor readable medium storing code representing instructions to be executed by a processor, the code comprising code to cause the processor to:
determine a temperature of a target tissue to which a medical clamp, having a first arm and a second arm separated by a distance, is coupled, the medical clamp including a plurality of electrodes;
receive a measured value associated with the distance;
produce a control signal based at least in part on the temperature of the target tissue;
deliver the control signal to a cooling unit of the medical clamp to maintain a portion of the target tissue at a target temperature; and
deliver, to the plurality of electrodes when the target tissue is at the target temperature, an output signal associated with a pulsed voltage waveform including a plurality of pulses and generated by a signal generator operatively coupled to the processor, to cause the output signal to generate a pulsed electric field to ablate the target tissue;
wherein the output signal is adjusted based on the measured value.
13. A method, comprising:
receiving a temperature signal associated with a temperature of a target tissue to which a medical clamp is coupled, the medical clamp including a plurality of electrodes, a first arm and a second arm, the first arm and the second arm defining a volume to receive the target tissue, the first arm configured to be spaced apart from the second arm by a distance;
producing a control signal based at least in part on the temperature of the target tissue;
delivering the control signal to a cooling unit to maintain a portion of the target tissue at a target temperature;
receiving a measured value associated with the distance;
generating a pulsed voltage waveform including a plurality of pulses, and delivering an output signal associated with the pulsed voltage waveform, wherein a characteristic of the output signal is based on the distance, to the plurality of electrodes when the target tissue is at the target temperature to cause the output signal to generate a pulsed electric field to ablate the target tissue.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the target temperature of the target tissue is below a body temperature.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the target temperature of the target tissue is below about 55 degrees Fahrenheit.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the pulsed voltage waveform is greater than approximately one kilovolt (kV).
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the delivering the control signal to the cooling unit includes delivering the control signal to a pump such that the pump controls a flow rate of delivering a coolant fluid to the medical clamp based on the control signal.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the delivering the control signal to the cooling unit includes delivering, based on the control signal, a voltage or a current to a thermoelectric cooler.