High tap density lithium positive electrode active material, intermediate and process of preparation
A lithium positive electrode active material intermediate including less than 80 wt % spinel phase and a net chemical composition of Li x Ni y Mn 2-y O 4-δ wherein 0.9≤x≤1.1; 0.4≤y≤0.5; and 0.1≤δ. Further, a process for the preparation of a lithium positive electrode active material with high tap density for a high voltage secondary battery where the cathode is fully or partially operated above 4.4 V vs. Li/Li+, comprising the steps of a)heating a precursor in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of from 300° C. to 1200° C. to obtain a lithium positive electrode active material intermediate; b)heating the product of step a. in a non-reducing atmosphere at a temperature of from 300° C. to 1200° C.; wherein the mass of the product of step b. increases by at least 0.25% compared to the mass of the product of step a.
1. A process for the preparation of a lithium positive electrode active material for a high voltage secondary battery, where the cathode is fully or partially operated above 4.4 V vs. Li/Li+, said process comprising the steps of:
a. heat treating a precursor comprising lithium in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of between 300° C. and 750° C. to obtain the lithium positive electrode active material intermediate;
b. heat treating the product of step a. in a non-reducing atmosphere at a temperature of between 700° C. and 1200° C.;
wherein the mass of the product of step b. increases by at least 0.25% compared to the mass of the product of step a,
wherein the reducing atmosphere is selected from the group consisting of a gas containing less than 15 vol % oxygen and a gas containing an added substance, which is capable of removing all or part of oxidizing species present in the gas.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the mass of the product of step b. increases by at least 0.75% compared to the mass of the product of step a.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature of step a. is between 400° C. and 750° C.
4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature of step b. is between 800° C. and 1200° C.
5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the reducing atmosphere is a gaseous composition containing less than 15 vol % oxygen.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the reducing atmosphere is created by adding a substance to the precursor composition, by decomposition of the precursor or by adding a gaseous composition to the atmosphere in order to remove all or part of any oxidising species present in the atmosphere.
7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the non-reducing atmosphere is a gaseous composition selected from the group consisting of air, and a composition comprising at least 5 vol % oxygen in an inert gas.
8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the lithium positive electrode active material has a capacity of greater than 110 mAhg −1 .
9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the capacity of the lithium positive electrode active material decreases by no more than 7% over 100 cycles between from 3.5 to 5.0 V at 55° C.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the product of step b. has a tap density equal to or greater than 1.8 g cm −3 .
11. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the secondary particle size of the product of steps a. and b. has a D10 of greater than 100 μm, D50 of greater than 250 μm and D90 of greater than 800 μm.
12. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the precursor is prepared by one or more processes selected from the group consisting of mechanically mixing starting materials to obtain a homogenous mixture, mixing a lithium starting material with a composition prepared by either mechanically mixing or co-precipitating starting materials to obtain a homogenous mixture.
13. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode active material comprises at least 95 wt % of spinel phase Li x Ni y Mn 2-y O 4 ; wherein 0.9≤x≤1.1, and 0.4≤y≤0.5.