Filter media including out-of-plane solid elements, methods of forming them, and uses thereof
Filter media including out-of-plane solid elements are generally described. Inventive methods of forming them and uses thereof are also described.
1. A filter media, comprising:
a non-woven fibrous layer defining a plane, wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an average fiber length of less than or equal to 26 mm;
wherein at least a section of the non-woven fibrous layer has a gradient in relative frequency of out-of-plane solid elements having an out-of-plane orientation angle of greater than 30 degrees;
wherein the section has a thickness that extends from a top surface of the section to a bottom surface of the section, wherein the top surface is the surface with the highest relative frequency of out-of-plane solid elements;
wherein the section has a total volume that includes a first volume portion, a second volume portion and a third volume portion;
wherein the first volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 20% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 40% of the thickness, wherein a first relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the first volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 30% of the thickness;
wherein the second volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 40% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 60% of the thickness, wherein a second relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the second volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 50% of the thickness;
wherein the third volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 60% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 80% of the thickness, wherein a third relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the third volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 70% of the thickness;
wherein the gradient in relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements is represented by a linear equation fit to the first relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements, the second relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements, and the third relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements;
wherein the linear equation is y=mx+b, where y is the relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements (expressed in percentage), x is the assigned location within the thickness of the section (expressed in percentage of the thickness from the top surface of the section), m is the slope, and b is the y-intercept;
wherein the slope is greater than or equal to −10 and less than or equal to −0.01; and
wherein the linear equation has an R 2 value of greater than or equal to 0.9.
2. A method, comprising:
providing a non-woven precursor layer defining a plane and comprising fibers, wherein the fibers have an average fiber length of less than or equal to 26 mm;
impinging fluid on a top surface of the precursor layer to produce a modified layer,
wherein at least a section of the modified layer comprises out-of-plane solid elements having an out-of-plane orientation angle of greater than 30 degrees;
wherein the section has a thickness that extends from a top surface of the section to a bottom surface of the section, wherein the top surface is the surface with the highest relative frequency of out-of-plane solid elements;
wherein the section has a total volume that includes a first volume portion, a second volume portion and a third volume portion;
wherein the first volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 20% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 40% of the thickness, wherein a first relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the first volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 30% of the thickness;
wherein the second volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 40% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 60% of the thickness, wherein a second relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the second volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 50% of the thickness;
wherein the third volume portion starts at a cross-sectional area located at 60% of the thickness and extends to a cross-sectional area located at 80% of the thickness, wherein a third relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements in the third volume portion is assigned to be located at a cross-sectional area located at 70% of the thickness;
wherein the section has a gradient in relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements across at least a portion of the thickness and the gradient is represented by a linear equation fit to the first relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements, the second relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements, and the third relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements;
wherein the linear equation is y=mx+b, where y is the relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements (expressed in percentage), x is the assigned location within the thickness of the section (expressed in percentage of the thickness from the top surface of the section), m is the slope, and b is the y-intercept;
wherein the slope is greater than or equal to −10 and less than or equal to −0.01; and
wherein the linear equation has an R 2 value of greater than or equal to 0.9.
3. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the slope is less than or equal to −0.15.
4. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the section is greater than or equal to 80% and less than or equal to 100% of the thickness of the non-woven fibrous layer.
5. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the out-of-plane solid elements that form the gradient have an out-of-plane orientation angle of less than 60 degrees.
6. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the total volume of the section has a relative frequency of the out-of-plane solid elements of greater than or equal to 5% and less than or equal to 100%.
7. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has a tensile ratio of greater than or equal to 0.03.
8. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has a Gurley bending dry stiffness of greater than or equal to 50 mg and less than or equal to 10,000 mg.
9. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an average fiber length of greater than or equal to 1 millimeter and less than or equal to 15 millimeters.
10. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an average fiber diameter of greater than or equal to 1 micron and less than or equal to 100 microns.
11. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer comprises synthetic fibers, glass fibers, cellulose fibers, and/or cellulose derivative fibers.
12. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer comprises a resin.
13. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has a thickness of greater than or equal to 0.025 millimeters and less than or equal to 5 millimeters as measured with scanning electron microscopy.
14. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has a basis weight of greater than or equal to 10 gsm and less than or equal to 500 gsm.
15. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an air permeability of greater than or equal to 1 CFM and less than or equal to 1,000 CFM.
16. The filter media of claim 1 , further comprising a second layer.
17. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the filter media has a dust holding capacity of greater than or equal to 1 gsm and less than or equal to 1,500 gsm measured according to ISO 5011 (2014) at 5.33 cm/s using ISO Fine A2 dust.
18. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the filter media has an initial pressure drop of greater than or equal to 0.01 Pa and less than or equal to 4,000 Pa.
19. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an internal bond strength in the Z-plane of greater than or equal to 20 10 3 ft*lbs/in 2 and less than or equal to 1,000 10 3 ft*lbs/in 2 .
20. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer has an average fiber length of greater than or equal to 1 millimeter and less than or equal to 26 mm.
21. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the non-woven fibrous layer is wetlaid.
22. The method of claim 2 , wherein the fibers have an average fiber length of greater than or equal to 1 millimeter and less than or equal to 26 mm.