Methods and apparatus for 3D printed hydrogel materials
There is provided a 3D printing system, methods, and materials for the 3D printing of objects that include a cured hydrogel material, an uncured hydrogel material, and a support material. The cured hydrogel material may define a scaffold for organs or other biological structures. The 3D printing system selectively deposits the hydrogel material and support material, dries the hydrogel material, and selectively applies a catalyst to the hydrogel material to selectively cure the hydrogel material. Once the 3D printing has completed, the uncured hydrogel material may be drained and the support material may be melted or dissolved leaving a scaffold of cured hydrogel material that may be infused with living cells of the desired organ or biological structure.
1. A method of forming a biological scaffold configured to be infused with living cells, the method comprising:
(1) selectively jetting hydrogel material from one or more printheads onto a build platform according to electronic design data of the scaffold to form a layer of hydrogel having a first thickness of from about 25-30 micrometers;
(2) drying the layer of hydrogel to remove excess water, thereby reducing a thickness of the layer of hydrogel to a second thickness that is less than the first thickness;
(3) selectively imaging the dried layer of hydrogel to provide cured portions and uncured portions of the dried layer of hydrogel, the cured portions forming structures of the scaffold on the order of one micrometer; and
(4) repeating steps (1)-(3) a plurality of times to complete formation of the scaffold.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the one or more printheads are one or more ink jet printheads.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrogel material being jetted comprises a hydrogel solubilized in a water-based solution.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the water-based solution includes the hydrogel solubilized in an acid.
5. The method of claim 4 further comprising selectively depositing a buffer onto the layer of hydrogel so as to increase the pH of the water-based solution to a range between 6 and 8 such that the hydrogel material self-assembles into a gel.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the acid is acetic acid.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrogel material being jetted has a viscosity in the range of 10.0 and 19.0 centipoise.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrogel material being jetted includes one or more hydrogels selected from a list consisting of collagen type I, collagen type II, fibrillin, and elastin.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the second thickness is from about 0.8-1 micrometers.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising depositing support material for supporting the layer of hydrogel.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the support material is printed around a border of the layer of hydrogel.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein repeated layers of the support material are printed around layers of the hydrogel to form a vat.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the support material includes a hydrocarbon wax.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the support material is a phase change support material not requiring curing by actinic radiation.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the biological scaffold is a lung scaffold.
16. A method of forming a biological scaffold configured to be infused with living cells, the method comprising:
(1) forming a layer of hydrogel having a first thickness on a build platform, wherein said forming comprises jetting a water-based solution comprising a hydrogel material on the build platform and adjusting the pH of the water-based solution to cause the hydrogel material to self-assemble into a gel, and wherein the first thickness is from about 25-30 micrometers;
(2) drying the layer of hydrogel to remove excess water, thereby reducing a thickness of the layer of hydrogel to a second thickness that is less than the first thickness;
(3) selectively imaging the dried layer of hydrogel to provide cured portions and uncured portions of the dried layer of hydrogel, the cured portions forming structures of the scaffold on the order of one micrometer; and
(4) repeating steps (1)-(3) a plurality of times to complete formation of the scaffold.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein adjusting the pH of the water-based solution is via addition of a buffer to the water-based solution.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the buffer is selectively deposited in areas of the build platform containing the water-based solution.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein the biological scaffold is a lung scaffold.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the second thickness is from about 0.8-1 micrometers.