Using alternating electric fields to increase permeability of the blood brain barrier
Certain substances (e.g., large molecules) that ordinarily cannot traverse the blood brain barrier can be introduced into the brain by applying an alternating electric field to the brain for a period of time, wherein the frequency of the alternating electric field is selected so that application of the alternating electric field increases permeability of the blood brain barrier. In some embodiments, the frequency of the alternating electric field is less than 190 kHz (e.g., 100 kHz). Once the permeability of the blood brain barrier has been increased, the substance is able to cross the blood brain barrier.
1. An apparatus for treating a tumor in a subject's body and facilitating delivery of a substance across a blood brain barrier of the subject's body, the apparatus comprising:
an AC voltage generator capable of operating at a first frequency between 50 kHz and 190 kHz and a second frequency between 50 kHz and 500 kHz, wherein the second frequency is different from the first frequency, the AC voltage generator having a control input, wherein the AC voltage generator is configured to output the first frequency when the control input is in a first state and to output the second frequency when the control input is in a second state; and
a controller having a first input, wherein the controller is programmed to (a) place the control input in the second state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the second frequency, (b) accept a request, via the first input, to switch to the first frequency, (c) upon receipt of the request, place the control input in the first state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the first frequency for an interval of time, and (d) after the interval of time has elapsed, place the control input in the second state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the second frequency,
wherein the interval of time is at least 24 hours.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:
a set of electrodes configured for affixation to the subject's body; and
wiring that connects an output of the AC voltage generator to the set of electrodes.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first frequency is between 75 kHz and 125 kHz, and the second frequency is between 150 kHz and 250 kHz.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is further programmed to, subsequent to the receipt of the request, switch the control input back and forth between the first state and the second state.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the AC voltage generator is capable of operating at at least one additional frequency between 50 kHz and 500 kHz, and wherein the AC voltage generator is configured to output the at least one additional frequency when the control input is in at least one additional state, and
wherein the controller is programmed to cycle the control input through the second state and the at least one additional state prior to receipt of the request, and to cycle the control input through the second state and the at least one additional state after the interval of time has elapsed.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a user interface, wherein the request is accepted via the user interface.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the request is accepted via RF.
8. An apparatus for treating a tumor in a subject's body and facilitating delivery of a substance across a blood brain barrier of the subject's body, the apparatus comprising:
an AC voltage generator capable of operating at a first frequency between 50 kHz and 190 kHz and a second frequency between 50 kHz and 500 kHz, wherein the second frequency is different from the first frequency, the AC voltage generator having a control input, wherein the AC voltage generator is configured to output the first frequency when the control input is in a first state and to output the second frequency when the control input is in a second state; and
a controller having a first input, wherein the controller is programmed to (a) place the control input in the second state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the second frequency, (b) accept a request, via the first input, to switch to the first frequency, (c) upon receipt of the request, place the control input in the first state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the first frequency for an interval of time, and (d) after the interval of time has elapsed, place the control input in the second state so that the AC voltage generator outputs the second frequency,
wherein the interval of time is at least 72 hours.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising:
a set of electrodes configured for affixation to the subject's body; and
wiring that connects an output of the AC voltage generator to the set of electrodes.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the first frequency is between 75 kHz and 125 kHz, and the second frequency is between 150 kHz and 250 kHz.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the controller is further programmed to, subsequent to the receipt of the request, switch the control input back and forth between the first state and the second state.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the AC voltage generator is capable of operating at at least one additional frequency between 50 kHz and 500 kHz, and wherein the AC voltage generator is configured to output the at least one additional frequency when the control input is in at least one additional state, and
wherein the controller is programmed to cycle the control input through the second state and the at least one additional state prior to receipt of the request, and to cycle the control input through the second state and the at least one additional state after the interval of time has elapsed.
13. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising a user interface, wherein the request is accepted via the user interface.
14. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the request is accepted via RF.
15. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising a user interface having a first output that drives the first input of the controller, wherein the user interface is configured to generate the request via the first output.
16. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising an RF interface having a first output that drives the first input of the controller, wherein the user interface is configured to generate the request via the first output.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a user interface having a first output that drives the first input of the controller, wherein the user interface is configured to generate the request via the first output.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an RF interface having a first output that drives the first input of the controller, wherein the user interface is configured to generate the request via the first output.