Ruthenium alloys for biosensors

1. A method of using a biosensor for measuring an analyte in a biological fluid, comprising:

exposing a first electrode of the biosensor to the biological fluid,

wherein the biosensor is configured to output an electronic signal that corresponds to a concentration of the analyte in the biological fluid,

wherein the first electrode comprises a ruthenium based metal alloy on a surface of a substrate,

wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy consists essentially of ruthenium and at least one alloying element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel, rhenium, and tungsten.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy comprises from about 5 at % to less than 100 at % ruthenium.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the biological fluid is exposed to the first electrode by applying the biological fluid to a reaction chamber of the biosensor, wherein the reaction chamber is in contact with the first electrode.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electronic signal is based on a reduction/oxidation reaction between the analyte and a reagent layer arranged on the first electrode.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy is a binary alloy consisting essentially of ruthenium and a first alloying element, wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy comprises from about from about 5 at % to less than 100 at % ruthenium, and wherein the first alloying element consists of aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel, rhenium, or tungsten.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy is a ternary alloy consisting essentially of ruthenium, a first alloying element, and a second alloying element, wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy comprises from about from about 5 at % to less than 100 at % ruthenium, and wherein the first alloying element and the second alloying element are each selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel, rhenium, and tungsten.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy forms an electrode having a thickness between 10 nanometers and 100 nanometers, and wherein the electrode has an electrical conductivity less than 100 ohms/square (Ω/sq) at the thickness.

8. A method for measuring an analyte in a fluid sample comprising:

providing a sensor configured to receive and measure a concentration of the analyte based on a reduction/oxidation reaction of the analyte at a working electrode of the sensor;

applying the fluid sample to a reaction chamber of the sensor, wherein the fluid sample contacts the working electrode through the reaction chamber; and

receiving a signal output from the sensor indicating the concentration of the analyte,

wherein the working electrode comprises a ruthenium based metal alloy, wherein the ruthenium metal based alloy is a binary alloy and consists essentially of ruthenium and a first alloying element,

wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy comprises from about 5 at % to about 95 at % ruthenium, and

wherein the first alloying element consists of aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel, rhenium, or tungsten.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein a reagent layer is arranged on the working electrode and comprises an enzyme for the reduction/oxidation reaction.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the fluid sample is blood and the analyte is glucose.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the working electrode has an electrical conductivity that is less than about 100 ohms/square.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first alloying element consists of either chromium or tungsten, and wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy consists essentially of about 15 at % to about 25 at % of either chromium or tungsten.

13. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first alloying element consists of nickel, and wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy consists essentially of about 75 at % to about 95 at % of nickel.

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first alloying element consists of aluminum, and wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy consists essentially of about 30 at % to about 40 at % of aluminum.

15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first alloying element consists of either chromium or tungsten, and wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy consists essentially of about 35 at % to about 45 at % of either chromium or tungsten.

16. A method for measuring an analyte in a fluid sample comprising:

providing a sensor configured to receive and measure a concentration of the analyte based on a reduction/oxidation reaction of the analyte at a working electrode of the sensor;

applying the fluid sample to a reaction chamber of the sensor, wherein the fluid sample contacts the working electrode through the reaction chamber; and

receiving a signal output from the sensor indicating the concentration of the analyte,

wherein the working electrode comprises a ruthenium based metal alloy, wherein the ruthenium metal based alloy is a ternary alloy and consists essentially of ruthenium, a first alloying element, and a second alloying element,

wherein the ruthenium based metal alloy comprises from about 5 at % to about 95 at % ruthenium, and

wherein the first alloying element and the second alloying element are each selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, copper, nickel, rhenium, or tungsten.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein a ratio of the weight of the first alloying element to the weight of the second alloying element in the ruthenium based metal alloy is between 1 and 2.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein a reagent layer is arranged on the working electrode and comprises an enzyme for the reduction/oxidation reaction.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the working electrode has an electrical conductivity that is less than about 100 ohms/square.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the fluid sample is blood and the analyte is glucose.