Enhanced polarized light collection in coaxial LiDAR architecture

1. A coaxial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system comprising:

a photodetector;

a first polarization beam splitter configured to:

receive a returned light beam including a first linear polarization component and a second linear polarization component; and

direct the first linear polarization component and the second linear polarization component to different respective directions;

a polarization beam combiner configured to transmit the first linear polarization component from the first polarization beam splitter to the photodetector;

a non-reciprocal polarization rotator configured to transmit the second linear polarization component from the first polarization beam splitter; and

a second polarization beam splitter configured to reflect the second linear polarization component from the non-reciprocal polarization rotator towards the polarization beam combiner,

wherein the polarization beam combiner is further configured to reflect the second linear polarization component from the second polarization beam splitter to the photodetector.

2. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator comprises:

a Faraday rotator configured to rotate a polarization direction of a linearly polarized light beam by 45°; and

a half-wave plate,

wherein the Faraday rotator and the half-wave plate are arranged such that the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is configured to:

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a first direction by 90°; and

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a second direction opposite the first direction by 0°.

3. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , further comprising:

a light source configured to emit a linearly polarized scanning beam including the first linear polarization component; and

an optical scanner,

wherein the second polarization beam splitter is further configured to transmit the first linear polarization component of the linearly polarized scanning beam from the light source to the non-reciprocal polarization rotator;

wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is further configured to convert the first linear polarization component of the linearly polarized scanning beam to the second linear polarization component by rotating a polarization direction of the linearly polarized scanning beam by 90°; and

wherein the first polarization beam splitter is further configured to reflect the linearly polarized scanning beam having the second linear polarization component to the optical scanner.

4. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , wherein the first polarization beam splitter, the polarization beam combiner, and the second polarization beam splitter include polarization beam splitter cubes.

5. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a light filter or a lens between the polarization beam combiner and the photodetector.

6. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a mirror or a prism reflector, the at least one of the mirror or the prism reflector configured to direct the second linear polarization component from the non-reciprocal polarization rotator to the polarization beam combiner.

7. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , wherein the photodetector includes at least one of a PIN photodetector, an avalanche photodiode, a single-photon avalanche photodiode, a silicon photomultiplier sensor, a multi-pixel photon counter, or a photomultiplier tube.

8. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 1 , wherein:

the first linear polarization component includes a p-wave; and

the second linear polarization component includes an s-wave.

9. A coaxial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system comprising:

a photodetector;

a polarization beam splitter configured to:

receive a returned light beam including a first linear polarization component and a second linear polarization component; and

direct the first linear polarization component and the second linear polarization component to different respective directions;

a polarization beam combiner configured to transmit the first linear polarization component from the polarization beam splitter to the photodetector;

a non-reciprocal polarization rotator configured to receive the second linear polarization component from the polarization beam splitter and convert the second linear polarization component to the first linear polarization component;

a birefringent device configured to receive the first linear polarization component from the non-reciprocal polarization rotator and shift the first linear polarization component by a spatial walk-off distance;

one or more reflectors configured to direct the first linear polarization component from the birefringent device towards the polarization beam combiner; and

a polarization rotator configured to convert the first linear polarization component to the second linear polarization component, wherein the polarization rotator is:

between the birefringent device and the one or more reflectors;

between the one or more reflectors; or

between the polarization beam combiner and the one or more reflectors,

wherein the polarization beam combiner is further configured to reflect the second linear polarization component from the polarization rotator to the photodetector.

10. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator includes:

a Faraday rotator configured to rotate a polarization direction of a linearly polarized light beam by 45°; and

a half-wave plate,

wherein the Faraday rotator and the half-wave plate are arranged such that the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is configured to:

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a first direction by 90°; and

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a second direction opposite the first direction by 0°.

11. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , wherein:

the first linear polarization component includes an e-ray; and

the second linear polarization component includes an o-ray.

12. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a light source configured to emit a linearly polarized scanning beam including the second linear polarization component; and

an optical scanner,

wherein the birefringent device is further configured to transmit, with no spatial walk-off, the second linear polarization component of the linearly polarized scanning beam from the light source to the non-reciprocal polarization rotator;

wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is further configured to transmit the second linear polarization component of the linearly polarized scanning beam from the birefringent device to the polarization beam splitter; and

wherein the polarization beam splitter is further configured to reflect the linearly polarized scanning beam having the second linear polarization component to the optical scanner.

13. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , wherein the polarization beam splitter and the polarization beam combiner include polarization beam splitter cubes.

14. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , further comprising at least one of a light filter or a lens between the polarization beam combiner and the photodetector.

15. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 9 , wherein the one or more reflectors include at least one of a mirror or a prism reflector.

16. A coaxial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system comprising:

a photodetector;

a first polarization beam splitter configured to:

receive a returned light beam including a first linear polarization component and a second linear polarization component; and

direct the first linear polarization component and the second linear polarization component to different respective directions;

a polarization rotator configured to receive the first linear polarization component from the first polarization beam splitter and convert the first linear polarization component to the second linear polarization component;

a polarization beam combiner configured to transmit the second linear polarization component from the polarization rotator to the photodetector;

a non-reciprocal polarization rotator configured to receive the second linear polarization component from the first polarization beam splitter and convert the second linear polarization component to the first linear polarization component; and

a second polarization beam splitter configured to reflect the first linear polarization component from the non-reciprocal polarization rotator towards the polarization beam combiner,

wherein the polarization beam combiner is further configured to reflect the first linear polarization component from the second polarization beam splitter to the photodetector.

17. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 16 , wherein:

the first linear polarization component includes an s-wave; and

the second linear polarization component includes a p-wave.

18. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 16 , wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator includes:

a Faraday rotator configured to rotate a polarization direction of a linearly polarized light beam by 45°; and

a half-wave plate,

wherein the Faraday rotator and the half-wave plate are arranged such that the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is configured to:

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a first direction by 90°; and

rotate the polarization direction of the linearly polarized light beam propagating in a second direction opposite the first direction by 0°.

19. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 16 , further comprising:

a light source configured to emit a linearly polarized scanning beam including the second linear polarization component; and

an optical scanner,

wherein the second polarization beam splitter is further configured to transmit the second linear polarization component of the linearly polarized scanning beam from the light source to the non-reciprocal polarization rotator;

wherein the non-reciprocal polarization rotator is further configured to transmit the linearly polarized scanning beam having the second linear polarization component from the second polarization beam splitter to the first polarization beam splitter; and

wherein the first polarization beam splitter is further configured to transmit the linearly polarized scanning beam having the second linear polarization component to the optical scanner.

20. The coaxial LiDAR system of claim 16 , wherein the first polarization beam splitter, the polarization beam combiner, and the second polarization beam splitter include polarization beam splitter cubes.