Systems and methods for dry powder coating layers of an electrochemical cell

1. A system for forming a particle layer comprising:

at least one sprayer configured to spray particles towards a substrate, the particles comprising at least one selected from the group of an electrochemical material, an ionically conductive material, an electrically conductive material, and a separator material;

a first mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a first region of the substrate;

a second mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a second region of the substrate, wherein the at least one sprayer directs the spray of particles towards a portion of the substrate between the first mask and the second mask; and

a heater configured to heat the substrate,

wherein the first mask is a clamp actuated by an actuator, and wherein the clamp is configured to selectively grasp the substrate.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the actuator is a pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric actuator.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer configured to spray particles toward a first side of the substrate, and a second sprayer configured to spray particles toward a second side of the substrate opposite the first side of the substrate.

4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a conveyor configured to move at least a portion of the substrate relative to the at least one sprayer.

5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising the substrate, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising the particles, wherein the particles further comprise a binder.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer and a second sprayer, wherein the first sprayer is configured to spray first particles toward the substrate to form a first layer disposed on the substrate, and wherein the second sprayer is configured to spray second particles toward the substrate to form a second layer disposed on the first layer.

8. A system for forming a particle layer comprising:

at least one sprayer configured to spray particles towards a substrate, the particles comprising at least one selected from the group of an electrochemical material, an ionically conductive material, an electrically conductive material, and a separator material;

a first mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a first region of the substrate;

a second mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a second region of the substrate, wherein the at least one sprayer directs the spray of particles towards a portion of the substrate between the first mask and the second mask; and

a heater configured to heat the substrate,

wherein the first mask is a first electrode configured to electrically contact the substrate and the second mask is a second electrode configured to electrically contact the substrate, wherein the heater is configured to pass a current from the first mask to the second mask through the substrate to resistively heat the substrate.

9. The system of claim 8 , further comprising:

a third electrode movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a third region of the substrate and configured to electrically contact the substrate; and

a fourth electrode movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a fourth region of the substrate and configured to electrically contact the substrate;

wherein the first, second, third, and fourth regions of the substrate are different regions of the substrate and are arranged sequentially along a length of the substrate, and wherein each of the first electrode and the fourth electrode are configured to apply a first potential to the substrate, and each of the second electrode and the third electrode are configured to apply a second potential to the substrate different from the first potential.

10. The system of claim 8 , further comprising:

a third electrode movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a third region of the substrate and configured to electrically contact the substrate; and

a fourth electrode movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a fourth region of the substrate and configured to electrically contact the substrate;

wherein the first, second, third, and fourth regions of the substrate are different regions of the substrate and are arranged sequentially along a length of the substrate, and wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer configured to spray particles between the first region and the second region, and a second sprayer configured to spray particles between the third region and the fourth region.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer configured to spray particles toward a first side of the substrate, and a second sprayer configured to spray particles toward a second side of the substrate opposite the first side of the substrate.

12. The system of claim 8 , further comprising a conveyor configured to move at least a portion of the substrate relative to the at least one sprayer.

13. The system of claim 8 , further comprising the substrate, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

14. The system of claim 8 , further comprising the particles, wherein the particles further comprise a binder.

15. The system of claim 8 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer and a second sprayer, wherein the first sprayer is configured to spray first particles toward the substrate to form a first layer disposed on the substrate, and wherein the second sprayer is configured to spray second particles toward the substrate to form a second layer disposed on the first layer.

16. A system for forming a particle layer comprising:

at least one sprayer configured to spray particles towards a substrate, the particles comprising at least one selected from the group of an electrochemical material, an ionically conductive material, an electrically conductive material, and a separator material;

a first mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a first region of the substrate;

a second mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a second region of the substrate, wherein the at least one sprayer directs the spray of particles towards a portion of the substrate between the first mask and the second mask;

a heater configured to heat the substrate; and

a conveyor configured to move at least a portion of the substrate relative to the at least one sprayer,

wherein the conveyor includes a first roller and a second roller, wherein the first roller and second roller are configured to move the substrate such that at least a portion of the substrate moves from the first roller toward the second roller, wherein the substrate is unwound from the first roller and wound onto the second roller.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer configured to spray particles toward a first side of the substrate, and a second sprayer configured to spray particles toward a second side of the substrate opposite the first side of the substrate.

18. The system of claim 16 , further comprising the substrate, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

19. The system of claim 16 , further comprising the particles, wherein the particles further comprise a binder.

20. The system of claim 16 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer and a second sprayer, wherein the first sprayer is configured to spray first particles toward the substrate to form a first layer disposed on the substrate, and wherein the second sprayer is configured to spray second particles toward the substrate to form a second layer disposed on the first layer.

21. A system for forming a particle layer comprising:

at least one sprayer configured to spray particles towards a substrate, the particles comprising at least one selected from the group of an electrochemical material, an ionically conductive material, an electrically conductive material, and a separator material;

a first mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a first region of the substrate;

a second mask movable to selectively mask the substrate from the particles in a second region of the substrate, wherein the at least one sprayer directs the spray of particles towards a portion of the substrate between the first mask and the second mask;

a heater configured to heat the substrate; and

a conveyor configured to move at least a portion of the substrate relative to the at least one sprayer,

wherein the conveyor is configured to move the substrate relative to the at least one sprayer while the particles are sprayed toward the substrate, and wherein the first mask and the second mask move in sync with the substrate.

22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer configured to spray particles toward a first side of the substrate, and a second sprayer configured to spray particles toward a second side of the substrate opposite the first side of the substrate.

23. The system of claim 21 , further comprising the substrate, wherein the substrate is a metal foil.

24. The system of claim 21 , further comprising the particles, wherein the particles further comprise a binder.

25. The system of claim 21 , wherein the at least one sprayer includes a first sprayer and a second sprayer, wherein the first sprayer is configured to spray first particles toward the substrate to form a first layer disposed on the substrate, and wherein the second sprayer is configured to spray second particles toward the substrate to form a second layer disposed on the first layer.