Norovirus vaccine
A dry powder norovirus vaccine is provided, which comprises at least two norovirus antigens representing different genogroups. The vaccine may be produced by formulation with a mixture of different antigens or combination of monovalent powders with each containing one antigen. The formulated vaccine is suitable for mucosal administration and soluble in aqueous solutions for parenteral administration. A method of immunization is also provided, which comprises at least one administration of the vaccine via mucosal and/or parental route. The immunization may have multiple administrations of the vaccine, i.e., one or more immunizations via a mucosal route followed by one or more immunizations via a parenteral route or vice versa, to maximize both mucosal and systemic immune responses and protection against norovirus infections.
1. A method of immunizing a mammalian subject against a norovirus infection with a multivalent norovirus dry powder vaccine composition comprising a norovirus genogroup GI virus-like particle (VLP) antigen, a norovirus genogroup GII VLP antigen, and an anionic polysaccharide, the method comprising:
administering, to the mammalian subject, a first dose of the dry powder vaccine composition by a mucosal route, thereby initiating an immune response against a norovirus antigen, wherein the first dose comprises about 50 micrograms of the norovirus genogroup GI VLP antigen and the norovirus genogroup GII VLP antigen, and
administering, to the mammalian subject, a second dose of the dry powder vaccine composition by the mucosal route at least 2 weeks after the administering the first dose, wherein the second dose comprises about 50 micrograms of the norovirus genogroup GI VLP antigen and the norovirus genogroup GII VLP antigen.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mucosal route is an intranasal route.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administering the first dose comprises administering at least 20 mg of the dry powder vaccine composition.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first dose and the second dose each comprise 50 micrograms of the norovirus genogroup GI VLP antigen and the norovirus genogroup GII VLP antigen.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered to reduce a risk of norovirus infection.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composition is administered to treat symptoms of norovirus infection.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the administering the second dose occurs 2-4 weeks after the administering the first dose.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anionic polysaccharide is sodium polygalacturonate extracted from Aloe vera.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the dry powder vaccine composition comprises at least 0.1% w/w of sodium polygalacturonate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein a mean particle size of the dry powder vaccine composition is from about 25 micrometers to about 30 micrometers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a median particle size of the dry powder vaccine composition is from about 23 micrometers to about 25 micrometers.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first dose comprises about 20 mg of the dry powder vaccine composition.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second dose comprises about 20 mg of the dry powder vaccine composition.