Lidar system with polygon mirror
A lidar system includes one or more light sources configured to generate a first beam of light and a second beam of light, a scanner configured to scan the first and second beams of light across a field of regard of the lidar system, and a receiver configured to detect the first beam of light and the second beam of light scattered by one or more remote targets. The scanner includes a rotatable polygon mirror that includes multiple reflective surfaces angularly offset from one another along a periphery of the polygon mirror, the reflective surfaces configured to reflect the first and second beams of light to produce a series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates. The scanner also includes a pivotable scan mirror configured to (i) reflect the first and second beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the scan lines across the field of regard.
1. A lidar system comprising:
one or more light sources configured to generate a first beam of light and a second beam of light, the first beam of light comprising a pulse of light;
a scanner configured to scan the first and second beams of light across a field of regard of the lidar system, the scanner comprising:
a rotatable polygon mirror comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces angularly offset from one another along a periphery of the polygon mirror, the reflective surfaces configured to reflect the first and second beams of light to produce a series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates; and
a pivotable scan mirror configured to (i) reflect the first and second beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the scan lines across the field of regard; and
a receiver configured to detect the first beam of light and the second beam of light scattered by one or more remote targets, wherein the receiver comprises:
a first detector configured to detect the first beam of scattered light, wherein the first detector includes an avalanche photodiode (APD) configured to produce an electrical-current pulse corresponding to scattered light from the pulse of light;
a second detector configured to detect the second beam of scattered light; and
a pulse-detection circuit coupled to the APD, the pulse-detection circuit comprising:
a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) configured to receive the electrical-current pulse from the APD and produce a voltage pulse that corresponds to the received electrical-current pulse;
a gain circuit configured to amplify the voltage pulse;
a comparator configured to produce an electrical-edge signal when the amplified voltage pulse rises above or falls below a particular threshold voltage; and
a time-to-digital converter (TDC) configured to determine an interval of time between emission of the pulse of light and receipt of the electrical-edge signal.
2. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second beams of light are directed to the polygon mirror so that the first and second beams of light are both reflected by one reflective surface at a time as the polygon mirror rotates.
3. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second beams of light are directed to the polygon mirror so that, as the polygon mirror rotates, the first and second beams of light are reflected by different reflective surfaces of the polygon mirror.
4. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second beams of light are directed (i) from the one or more light sources to the polygon mirror and (ii) then from the polygon mirror to the scan mirror, wherein the scan mirror directs the first and second beams of light to the field of regard of the lidar system.
5. The lidar system of claim 4 , wherein the first and second beams of scattered light travel in an opposite direction with respect to the first and second beams of light, wherein the first and second beams of scattered light are directed (i) from the scan mirror to the polygon mirror and (ii) then from the polygon mirror to the receiver.
6. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein:
the first and second beams of light have a particular spatial or angular offset; and
the first and second beams of scattered light have a corresponding spatial or angular offset.
7. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the scanner is configured to scan the first and second beams of light across the field of regard synchronously, wherein the first and second beams of light are scanned across the field of regard at approximately equal scanning rates.
8. The lidar system of claim 1 , further comprising a controller configured to modify a drive signal for a motor of the scan mirror to adjust distances between the scan lines.
9. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein a width of a reflective surface of the scan mirror is greater than a width of each of the reflective surfaces of the polygon mirror.
10. The lidar system of claim 1 , further comprising a lens configured to focus the first and second beams of scattered light onto the first and second detectors, respectively.
11. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second detectors are separated by a distance of 0.5 mm to 2 mm.
12. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more light sources comprise a laser diode that is current-modulated to produce optical pulses, wherein the laser diode is followed by one or more optical-amplification stages.
13. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second beams of light comprises pulses of light, wherein each pulse of light has (i) a wavelength between 1400 nm and 1600 nm, (ii) a pulse duration between 1 nanosecond and 20 nanoseconds, and (iii) a pulse energy between 0.1 microjoules and 100 microjoules.
14. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein:
the polygon mirror further comprises one or more tabs configured to pass through a stationary photo-interrupter as the polygon mirror rotates, wherein the photo-interrupter is configured to provide data to a controller indicating a rotational speed of the polygon mirror; and
the controller is configured to provide a control signal to a motor of the polygon mirror to regulate, stabilize, or adjust the rotational speed of the polygon mirror.
15. The lidar system of claim 1 , further comprising a baffle or shroud that partially surrounds or encloses the polygon mirror.
16. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable polygon mirror is a highly balanced rotatable polygon mirror comprising a block, wherein the highly balanced rotatable polygon mirror is manufactured by:
applying a coarse balancing procedure to the block; and
thereafter applying a precise balancing procedure to the block, comprising (i) imparting rotation to the block and (ii) removing material from the block using high-energy laser pulses.
17. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable polygon mirror comprises a block that is made from glass, plastic, polycarbonate, metal, carbon fiber, or ceramic.
18. The lidar system of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable polygon mirror comprises a block having edges or corners that are rounded or chamfered.
19. A lidar system comprising:
one or more light sources configured to generate a first beam of light, a second beam of light, a third beam of light, and a fourth beam of light;
a scanner configured to (i) scan the first and second beams of light across a first field of regard of the lidar system and (ii) scan the third and fourth beams of light across a second field of regard of the lidar system, the scanner comprising:
a rotatable polygon mirror comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces angularly offset from one another along a periphery of the polygon mirror, the reflective surfaces configured to reflect the first and second beams of light to produce a series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates; and
a pivotable scan mirror configured to (i) reflect the first and second beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the scan lines across the field of regard;
a first receiver configured to detect the first beam of light and the second beam of light scattered by one or more remote targets, wherein the first receiver comprises:
a first detector configured to detect the first beam of scattered light, and
a second detector configured to detect the second beam of scattered light; and
a second receiver configured to detect the third beam of light and the fourth beam of light scattered by one or more other remote targets, wherein the second receiver comprises:
a third detector configured to detect the third beam of scattered light, and
a fourth detector configured to detect the fourth beam of scattered light.
20. The lidar system of claim 19 , wherein:
the first and second beams of light are directed to the polygon mirror so that the first and second beams of light are both reflected by one reflective surface at a time as the polygon mirror rotates;
the third and fourth beams of light are directed to the polygon mirror so that the third and fourth beams of light are both reflected by a different reflective surface as the polygon mirror rotates, wherein the reflective surfaces are further configured to reflect the third and fourth beams of light to produce another series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates; and
the pivotable scan mirror is further configured to (i) reflect the third and fourth beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the another series of scan lines across the second field of regard.
21. The lidar system of claim 19 , wherein the first field of regard and the second field of regard partially overlap to define an overlap region.
22. A lidar system comprising:
one or more light sources configured to generate a first beam of light and a second beam of light;
a first fiber-optic cable terminated by a first collimator, wherein the first collimator is configured to direct the first beam of light to a scanner;
a second fiber-optic cable terminated by a second collimator, wherein the second collimator is configured to direct the second beam of light to the scanner;
the scanner, wherein the scanner is configured to scan the first and second beams of light across a field of regard of the lidar system, the scanner comprising:
a rotatable polygon mirror comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces angularly offset from one another along a periphery of the polygon mirror, the reflective surfaces configured to reflect the first and second beams of light to produce a series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates; and
a pivotable scan mirror configured to (i) reflect the first and second beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the scan lines across the field of regard; and
a receiver configured to detect the first beam of light and the second beam of light scattered by one or more remote targets, wherein the receiver comprises:
a first detector configured to detect the first beam of scattered light, and
a second detector configured to detect the second beam of scattered light.
23. The lidar system of claim 22 , wherein the first and second collimators are configured to launch the first and second beams of light, respectively, with a particular spatial offset or angular offset.
24. A lidar system comprising:
one or more light sources configured to generate a first beam of light and a second beam of light;
a scanner configured to scan the first and second beams of light across a field of regard of the lidar system, the scanner comprising:
a rotatable polygon mirror comprising a plurality of reflective surfaces angularly offset from one another along a periphery of the polygon mirror, the reflective surfaces configured to reflect the first and second beams of light to produce a series of scan lines as the polygon mirror rotates; and
a pivotable scan mirror configured to (i) reflect the first and second beams of light and (ii) pivot to distribute the scan lines across the field of regard; and
a receiver configured to detect the first beam of light and the second beam of light scattered by one or more remote targets, wherein the receiver comprises:
a first detector configured to detect the first beam of scattered light, and
a second detector configured to detect the second beam of scattered light,
wherein the first and second beams of light and the first and second beams of scattered light are arranged on a reflective surface of the scan mirror to minimize a surface area associated with the four beams, wherein the first and second beams of scattered light define a larger circle and the first and second beams of light each define a smaller circle arranged adjacent to the larger circle on the reflective surface of the scan mirror, wherein a line segment connecting centers of the smaller circles is displaced relative to a diameter of the larger circle.
25. The lidar system of claim 24 , wherein:
the first and second beams of light are directed (i) from the one or more light sources to the polygon mirror and (ii) then from the polygon mirror to the scan mirror; and
the first and second beams of scattered light travel in an opposite direction with respect to the first and second beams of light, wherein the first and second beams of scattered light are directed (i) from the scan mirror to the polygon mirror and (ii) then from the polygon mirror to the receiver.