Compact proximity focused image sensor
An image sensor has a photocathode window assembly, an anode assembly, and a malleable metal seal. The photocathode window assembly has a photocathode layer. The anode assembly includes a silicon substrate that has an electron sensitive surface. The malleable metal seal bonds the photocathode window assembly and the silicon substrate to each other. A vacuum gap separates the photocathode layer from the electron sensitive surface. A first electrical connection and a second electrical connection are for a voltage bias of the photocathode layer relative to the electron sensitive surface.
1. A vacuum proximity focused image sensor comprising:
a photocathode window assembly having a face with one or more raised features and a photocathode layer;
an anode assembly comprising a silicon substrate having an electron sensitive surface;
a malleable metal seal bonding the photocathode window assembly and the silicon substrate to each other, forming a vacuum gap that separates the photocathode layer of the photocathode window assembly and the electron sensitive surface of the silicon substrate of the anode assembly by a gap height defined by the one or more raised features of the face of the photocathode window assembly;
a first electrical connection to the photocathode layer, for a voltage bias; and
a second electrical connection to the electron sensitive surface, for the voltage bias;
wherein the malleable metal seal is formed such that a first end of the first electrical connection is at the photocathode layer, a second end of the first electrical connection is outside the vacuum gap, a first end of the second electrical connection is at the electron sensitive surface, and a second end of the second electrical connection is outside the vacuum gap.
2. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the one or more raised features are integral with and formed of one or more materials of the face of the photocathode window assembly.
3. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first electrical connection to the photocathode layer comprises an electrically conductive path that transits the photocathode window assembly to specify an electrical potential of the photocathode layer.
4. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first electrical connection comprises a wire composed of an alloy comprising iron, nickel, and cobalt with less than 0.3% manganese, less than 0.2% silicon, and less than 0.01% carbon.
5. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the malleable metal seal comprises indium.
6. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the silicon substrate having the electron sensitive surface comprises a backside thinned CMOS active pixel sensor.
7. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the silicon substrate having the electron sensitive surface comprises a backside thinned CCD image sensor.
8. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the silicon substrate having the electron sensitive surface comprises a CMOS imager arranged to record time of arrival of photoelectron strikes.
9. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the photocathode layer comprises a glass-bonded, thermally assisted negative affinity photocathode (TANEA), transmission mode photocathode.
10. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 1 , wherein the photocathode layer comprises a gallium arsenide (GaAs) absorber layer.
11. A vacuum proximity focused image sensor comprising:
a photocathode window assembly having a photocathode layer;
an anode assembly comprising a silicon substrate having an electron sensitive surface;
a malleable metal seal bonding the photocathode window assembly and the silicon substrate to each other, forming a vacuum gap that separates the photocathode layer of the photocathode window assembly and the electron sensitive surface of the silicon substrate of the anode assembly, the vacuum gap having a gap height defined by a thickness of the malleable metal seal;
a first electrical connection to the photocathode layer, for a voltage bias; and
a second electrical connection to the electron sensitive surface, for the voltage bias.
12. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein:
the photocathode window assembly having the photocathode layer comprises a planar photocathode surface extending to an edge of the photocathode window assembly; and
the thickness of the malleable metal seal specifies the vacuum gap with precision tolerancing.
13. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the malleable metal seal is formed such that a first end of the first electrical connection is at the photocathode layer, a second end of the first electrical connection is outside the vacuum gap, a first end of the second electrical connection is at the electron sensitive surface, and a second end of the second electrical connection is outside the vacuum gap.
14. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the first electrical connection to the photocathode layer comprises an electrically conductive path that transits the photocathode window assembly to specify an electrical potential of the photocathode layer.
15. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the first electrical connection comprises a wire composed of an alloy comprising iron, nickel, and cobalt with less than 0.3% Manganese, less than 0.2% silicon, and less than 0.01% carbon.
16. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the malleable metal seal comprises indium.
17. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the silicon substrate having the electron sensitive surface comprises a backside thinned CMOS active pixel sensor, a backside thinned CCD image sensor, or a CMOS imager arranged to record time of arrival of photoelectron strikes.
18. The vacuum proximity focused image sensor of claim 11 , wherein the photocathode layer comprises a glass-bonded, thermally assisted negative affinity photocathode (TANEA), transmission mode photocathode or a gallium arsenide (GaAs) absorber layer.