Methods of preparing nicotinamide riboside and derivatives thereof

1. A compound of formula (IV)

wherein

n is 0 or 1;

m is 0 or 1;

Y is S;

R 1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and unsubstituted azido;

R 2 -R 5 , which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and

R 6 , R 7 and R 8 , which may be the same or different, are each independently a hydroxyl protecting group; and

X − is an anion selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate,

provided that when n is 0, m is 1, and R 2 -R 5 are each H, then R 1 is not NH 2 .

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R 2 -R 5 are each H.

3. The compound of claim 1 of formula (IVA)

wherein

n is 0 or 1;

m is 0 or 1;

Y is S;

R 1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and unsubstituted azido; and

R 2 -R 5 , which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and

R 6 , R 7 and R 8 , which may be the same or different, are each independently a hydroxyl-protecting group X − is an anion, selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonate, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate,

provided that when n is 0, m is 1, and R 2 -R 5 are each H, then R 1 is not NH 2 .

4. A substantially isomerically pure compound of formula (III) having a beta-D-ribofuranosyl configuration:

wherein,

n is 0 or 1;

m is 0 or 1;

Y is O or S;

R 1 is selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted primary or secondary amino, and substituted or unsubstituted azido; and

R 2 -R 5 , which may be the same or different, are each independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and

R 6 , R 7 and R 8 , which may be the same or different, are each independently a hydroxyl-protecting group;

or

R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each H; and

wherein the compound has greater than 90% chemical purity, and comprises at least 98% diastereomeric purity of the beta-D-ribofuranosyl configuration.

5. The compound of formula (III) of claim 4 , containing <3000 ppm methanol, under 0.1% (w/w) other solvents and under 0.2% (w/w) water.

6. A compound of claim 4 , wherein the compound is 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide:

7. A compound according to claim 4 , wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently an ester-type protecting group selected from acetyl, propionyl, isopropionyl, benzoyl, and trihaloacetyl.

8. A compound according to claim 7 , wherein the ester-type protecting group is a protecting group selected from trifluoroacetyl and trichloroacetyl.

9. A compound according to claim 4 , wherein the R 6 , R 7 and R 8 moieties are selected from substituted and unsubstituted acetyl, and substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl.

10. A compound according to claim 4 , wherein at least two of R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are selected from unsubstituted acetyl or unsubstituted benzoyl.

11. A compound according to claim 10 , wherein the compound is triacetyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide riboside:

12. A compound according to claim 10 , wherein the compound is tribenzoyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide riboside:

13. A compound according to claim 4 , wherein the compound is 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinic acid:

14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is 1; m is 0 or 1; and Y is S.

15. The compound of claim 1 , wherein

X − is an anion selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate.

16. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is 0 or 1; m is 0 or 1; Y is S; and

R 1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

17. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is 0 or 1; m is 0 or 1; Y is S;

R 1 is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, and substituted or unsubstituted aryl and

X − is an anion selected from an anion of a substituted or unsubstituted carboxylic acid, a halide, a substituted or unsubstituted phosphate, a substituted or unsubstituted sulfate, a substituted or unsubstituted carbonate, and a substituted or unsubstituted carbamate.

18. The compound of claim 4 , wherein n is 0 or 1; m is 0 or 1; and Y is S.

19. The compound of claim 4 , wherein n is 1 and Y is S.