Methods of making catalyst layers of membrane electrode assembly comprising structured units
Improved catalyst layers for use in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies, and methods for making such catalyst layers, are provided. Catalyst layers can comprise structured units of catalyst, catalyst support, and ionomer. The structured units can provide for more efficient electrical energy production and/or increased lifespan of fuel cells utilizing such membrane electrode assemblies. Catalyst layers can be directly deposited on exchange membranes, such as proton exchange membranes.
1. A method of forming a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, the method comprising:
providing a catalyst layer comprising a substrate and a plurality of structured units adhered to a surface of the substrate, each of the structured units comprising a spherical outer shell and a spherical inner core,
wherein the inner core has a first radius,
wherein the inner core comprises a plurality of catalyst particles coupled to a plurality of carbon-containing support particles and comprises an ionomer at a first concentration,
wherein the outer shell concentrically surrounds the inner core from the first radius to a second radius greater than the first radius,
wherein the outer shell comprises the ionomer at a second concentration greater than the first concentration; and
wherein each of the structured units comprises an overall ratio of ionomer to carbon of between about 0.5 and about 2;
positioning the plurality of structured units of the catalyst layer proximate a surface of a membrane;
heat pressing the catalyst layer and the membrane together; and
removing the substrate of the catalyst layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the membrane comprises a proton exchange membrane.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a first ratio of ionomer to carbon at the first radius of at least one of the structured units is between about 0.1 and about 0.9, and a second ratio of ionomer to carbon at the second radius of the at least one of the structured units is between about 0.9 and about 5.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein an ionomer relative concentration profile is defined as a ratio of ionomer to carbon at a radius of a structured unit, and wherein the ionomer relative concentration profile has an inflection point at the first radius.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer relative concentration profile is a sigmoid function.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of catalyst particles comprises at least one of a platinum group metal catalyst or a transition-metal-based n4-macrocyclic metal complex catalyst.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon-containing support particles comprises at least one of a carbon black, a carbon nanotube, diamond, graphite, graphene, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide, iridium oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, niobium oxide, or tungsten carbide.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ionomer comprises at least one of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), perfluoro imide acids (PFIA), a quaternary polyphenylene oxide (QPPO), or a hydrocarbon-based ionomer.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner core further comprises a plurality of cerium oxide nanoparticles.