Process for preparing carboxylic acids or salts thereof from hydrocarbons
The invention relates to a process for preparing carboxylic acids or salts thereof by hydrolysis or saponification of an ester, which is obtained by alkoxycarbonylation of a C2 to C20 hydrocarbon having at least one multiple bond, preferably having at least one olefinic double bond, in which the homogeneous catalyst system used is separated from the product mixture by means of membrane separation. In a development of the present invention, the ester thus formed is converted into another ester by transesterification and then hydrolyzed or saponified.
1. A process for preparing a carboxylic acid or salt thereof, with the process comprising the following steps:
a) preparing an ester by reacting a C2 to C20 hydrocarbon having at least one multiple bond, prefer carbon monoxide and with an alcohol A in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst system in a reaction zone to obtain a product mixture;
b) carrying out a membrane separation to separate the homogeneous catalyst system from the product mixture, whereby the homogeneous catalyst system and unreacted hydrocarbon and/or unreacted alcohol A, are enriched in a retentate and the ester formed in step a) is enriched in a permeate, wherein the membrane material used is a membrane material capable of OSN (organic solvent nanofiltration) that includes at least one separation-active layer;
c) separating the ester formed in step a) from the permeate in at least one separation step selected from thermal separation, extraction, crystallization and membrane separation;
d) hydrolyzing or saponifying the ester prepared in step a) in the presence of an acidic catalyst or a saponifying agent to obtain a reaction mixture that comprises at least the carboxylic acid or salt thereof, an eliminated alcohol A, water and unreacted ester; and
e) separating the carboxylic acid or salt thereof formed in step d) in at least one separation process step selected from thermal separation, extraction, crystallization and membrane separation.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the separation-active layer is composed of a PAEK (polyaryl ether ketone) polymer.
3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the separation-active layer is composed of PEEK (polyether ether ketone).
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the alcohol A is a mono- or polyol (two or more OH groups) having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, or a mixture of two or more mono- and/or polyols.
5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the alcohol used in step a) is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 2-propanol, tert-butanol, 3-pentanol, 2-propylheptanol, cyclohexanol, phenol or mixtures thereof.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the homogeneous catalyst system used step a) comprises at least one metal from groups 8 to 10 of the periodic table of the elements or a compound thereof, a phosphorus-containing ligand and an acid as a co-catalyst.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon monoxide used in the reaction in step a) is provided by first separating a carbon monoxide-containing gas and passing the carbon monoxide into the reaction zone.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the membrane material is a membrane material capable of OSN (organic solvent nanofiltration) that is stable for at least 300 h in the presence of the acid in the catalyst system.
9. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the acid in the catalyst system in step a) is a Bronsted acid having a pKa≤5, or a Lewis acid having an LAU value of more than 25.
10. The process according to claim 6 , wherein the acid in the catalyst system in step a) is a Bronsted acid or a Lewis acid, the Bronsted acid being perchloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methylphosphonic acid or a sulfonic acid and the Lewis acid being aluminium triflate, aluminium chloride, aluminium hydride, trimethylaluminium, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane, boron trifluoride, boron trichloride or a mixture thereof.
11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the retentate is recycled into the reaction zone in step a) and the permeate is supplied to the subsequent step c).
12. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the process after the separation in step c) includes the following further steps:
c1) transesterifying the ester formed in step a) with a second alcohol, wherein this second alcohol differs from the alcohol used in step a), in a second reaction zone to obtain a second product mixture;
c2) separating the ester formed in step c1) and separating the rest of the second product mixture through thermal separation and/or by means of membrane separation, and recycling the eliminated alcohol A into a first reaction zone and also recycling an unreacted second alcohol into the second reaction zone;
wherein the ester formed in step c1) is used in the hydrolysis or saponification in step d).
13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein the second alcohol in step c1) is added in excess.
14. The process according to claim 12 , wherein the second alcohol used in step c1) is a more high-boiling alcohol than the first alcohol.
15. The process according to claim 12 , wherein a proportion of the eliminated alcohol A is withdrawn from the second reaction zone and recycled into the reaction zone of step a).
16. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the separation-active layer is composed of PEEK having a degree of sulfonation of less than 10%.
17. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the alcohol A is a mono- or polyol (two or more OH groups) having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, or a mixture of two or more mono- and/or polyols.
18. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the alcohol A is a mono- or polyol (two or more OH groups) having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a mixture of two or more mono- and/or polyols.
19. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the acid in the catalyst system in step a) is a Bronsted acid having a pKa≤3 or a Lewis acid having an LAU value of more than 29.