Amorphous silicon-carbon composites and improved first coulombic efficiency
Compositions, anodes, and batteries are described herein and incorporate particulates that feature carbon matrices having embedded therein a plurality of amorphous silicon nanoparticles. One embodiment includes a particulate composed of a porous carbon matrix and a plurality of amorphous silicon nanoparticles affixed to an interior surface of the porous carbon matrix and adjacent to an open volume that defines specific pores. Yet another embodiment is an anode active particulate that features a plurality of amorphous silicon nanoparticles affixed to interior surfaces of a porous carbon matrix, where the anode active particulate has a “Standard-FCE” value that is about 5% greater than a “Standard-FCE” value of an analogous anode active particle having crystalline silicon nanocrystals.
1. An anode active particulate comprising:
a plurality of amorphous silicon nanoparticles affixed to interior surfaces of a porous carbon matrix, the amorphous silicon nanoparticles individually comprising amorphous silicon domains and crystalline silicon domains, where the crystalline silicon domains have an average domain size of less than 20 nm; where the atom ratio of amorphous silicon domains to crystalline silicon domains is in the range of about 1:1 to about 100:1; and wherein the anode active particulate includes an X-ray reflection at 28.5° (2Θ) and Raman absorptions at 521 cm −1 and 480 cm −1 ;
the anode active particulate having a “Standard-FCE” value that is about 5% greater than a “Standard-FCE” value of an analogous anode active particle;
the analogous anode active particle having crystalline silicon nanocrystals affixed to interior surface of a porous carbon matrix; where the crystalline silicon nanocrystals individually comprise amorphous silicon domains and crystalline silicon domains, and where the atom ratio of amorphous silicon domains to crystalline silicon domains is in the range of about 1:1000 to about 1:5.
2. The anode active particulate of claim 1 , wherein the carbon matrix is a thermolysis product of a carbon matrix precursor.
3. The anode active particulate of claim 1 , wherein the carbon matrix consists essentially of elemental carbon.
4. The anode active particulate of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous silicon nanoparticles consists of silicon.
5. The anode active particulate of claim 1 , wherein the amorphous silicon nanoparticles include amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H).
6. The anode active particulate of claim 1 , wherein the anode active particulate “Standard-FCE” value is greater than about 90%; and wherein the analogous anode active particle “Standard-FCE” is less than about 85%.
7. The anode active particulate of claim 6 , wherein the analogous anode active particle “Standard-FCE” is less than about 80%.