Battery module or pack with a distributed cooling and fire protection system and method of operating same

1. A battery assembly having a distributed cooling and fire protection system, said battery assembly comprising:

a) a plurality of battery cells;

b) a case which holds the plurality of battery cells, having empty space around each cell to accommodate a desired amount of a first cooling liquid; and

c) a cooling liquid distribution system, having a cooling liquid reservoir and/or pipes that are in proximity to at least a subset of the plurality of the cells and configured to deliver, on demand, the desired amount of the first cooling liquid on a cell or multiple cells in the vicinity of the cell or into the empty space surrounding the cell when a temperature of the cell exceeds a threshold temperature; wherein the first cooling liquid comprises a fire protection or fire suppression substance which, on contact with the cell, prevents, retards, or extinguishes a cell fire and prevents a propagation or cell-to-cell cascading reactions of a thermal runaway or fire event, wherein at least one of battery cells comprises at least one heat spreader element disposed partially or entirely inside a protective housing of the cell, wherein the heat spreader element is in thermal communication with the pipes or reservoir and is configured to transport heat away from the battery cells, in the event of a thermal runaway or fire, through the heat spreader element to the pipes or reservoir to activate the delivery of the desired amount of the first cooling liquid via a heat-induced breach or opening of a valve in pipes.

2. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat-induced breach comprises melting of a breach point in the pipes or reservoir at a temperature corresponding to the threshold temperature of the cell.

3. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the opening of a valve in the pipes or reservoir comprises operating a temperature-activated switch or a temperature actuated valve.

4. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein at least a heat spreader element or a portion of a heat spreader element is in thermal or physical contact with the first cooling liquid which acts to dissipate heat transferred from the battery cell during a normal cell operation.

5. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element comprises a high thermal conductivity material having a thermal conductivity from 10 to 1,850 W/mK.

6. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element comprises a material selected from a graphene film, flexible graphite sheet, artificial graphite film, Ag, Ag, Cu, Al, brass, steel, Ti, Ni, Mg alloy sheet, silicon nitride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, boron arsenide, a composite thereof, or a combination thereof.

7. The battery assembly of claim 6 , wherein the graphene film contains a graphene selected from pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof.

8. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element is in physical or thermal contact with the anode or the cathode and has a heat-spreading area at least 50% of a surface area of the anode or cathode.

9. The battery assembly of claim 6 , wherein said graphene film or artificial graphite film has a thermal conductivity no less than 600 W/mK.

10. The battery assembly of claim 6 , wherein said graphene film comprises a graphene material selected from pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof.

11. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element is in a heat-spreading relation to the anode or the cathode and draws heat therefrom during an operation of the battery cells.

12. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element has a thickness from about 0.1 μm to about 1 mm.

13. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the battery has an anode terminal and a cathode terminal for operating the battery and the heat spreader element is in thermal contact with the anode terminal or the cathode terminal wherein the anode terminal or the cathode terminal is configured to spread heat to the cooling liquid.

14. The battery assembly of claim 1 , wherein the heat spreader element is in thermal contact with the protective housing or a cap of the protective housing.