Closed cycle engine with bottoming-cycle system
Systems and methods for converting energy are provided. In one aspect, the system includes a closed cycle engine defining a cold side. The system also includes a bottoming-cycle loop. A pump is operable to move a working fluid along the bottoming-cycle loop. A cold side heat exchanger is positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop in a heat exchange relationship with the cold side of the closed cycle engine. A constant density heat exchanger is positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop downstream of the cold side heat exchanger and upstream of an expansion device. The constant density heat exchanger is operable to hold a volume of the working fluid flowing therethrough at constant density while increasing, via a heat source, the temperature and pressure of the working fluid. The expansion device receives the working fluid at elevated temperature and pressure and extracts thermal energy from the working fluid to produce work.
1. A system, comprising:
a closed cycle engine defining a cold side;
a chiller loop having a bottoming-cycle loop;
a pump positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and operable to move a working fluid along the bottoming-cycle loop;
a cold side heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop in fluid communication with the pump and positioned in a heat exchange relationship with the cold side of the closed cycle engine, wherein the working fluid exits the cold side heat exchanger at a first temperature and a first pressure;
a constant density heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and downstream of the cold side heat exchanger, wherein the constant density heat exchanger is operable to hold a volume of the working fluid flowing therethrough at constant density during heat application via a heat source such that a temperature and a pressure of the volume of the working fluid is increased to a second temperature and a second pressure, wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature and the second pressure is greater than the first pressure;
an expansion device in fluid communication with the constant density heat exchanger, the expansion device operable to extract thermal energy from the working fluid to produce work; and
a third heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and having an inlet and an outlet, the inlet of the third heat exchanger in fluid communication with the expansion device and the outlet of the third heat exchanger in fluid communication with the pump, wherein the third heat exchanger is operable to decrease the working fluid to a third temperature that is less than the first temperature,
wherein the closed cycle engine includes a hot side heat exchanger, and wherein the bottoming-cycle loop is not in a direct heat exchange relationship with the hot side heat exchanger.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the volume of working fluid held at constant density is held within a working chamber of the constant density heat exchanger, and wherein the working chamber of the constant density heat exchanger is operable to iteratively receive volumes of working fluid.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the volumes of working fluid received within the working chamber is held at constant density within the working chamber during heat application.
4. The system of claim 2 , wherein each of the volumes of working fluid is held at constant density within the working chamber during heat application.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the closed cycle engine is a regenerative heat engine.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the constant density heat exchanger is operable to superheat the working fluid held at constant density during heat application.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid is a supercritical fluid.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the supercritical fluid is a supercritical carbon dioxide.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the constant density heat exchanger is positioned between the cold side heat exchanger and the expansion device along the bottoming-cycle loop.
10. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more pulse converters positioned downstream of the constant density heat exchanger and upstream of the expansion device, wherein the one or more pulse converters are operable to smooth a pulsed flow of the working fluid flowing downstream from the constant density heat exchanger to the expansion device.
11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more electric machines operatively coupled with the expansion device, the one or more electric machines operable to generate electrical power when the expansion device produces work.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the constant density heat exchanger is one of a plurality of constant density heat exchangers positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the cold side heat exchanger is a constant density heat exchanger.
14. A system, comprising:
a closed cycle engine defining a cold side and a hot side;
a bottoming-cycle loop;
a pump positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and operable to move a working fluid along the bottoming-cycle loop;
a cold side heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop in fluid communication with the pump and positioned in a heat exchange relationship with the cold side of the closed cycle engine, wherein the working fluid exits the cold side heat exchanger at a first temperature and a first pressure;
a constant density heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and downstream of the cold side heat exchanger, wherein the constant density heat exchanger is operable to hold a volume of the working fluid flowing therethrough at constant density during heat application such that a temperature and a pressure of the volume of the working fluid is increased to a second temperature and a second pressure, wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature and the second pressure is greater than the first pressure;
an expansion device positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and in fluid communication with the constant density heat exchanger, the expansion device operable to extract thermal energy from the working fluid to produce work; and
a third heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop between the expansion device and the pump, wherein the third heat exchanger is operable to decrease the working fluid to a third temperature that is less than the first temperature, and
wherein the bottoming-cycle loop is not in a direct heat exchange relationship with the hot side of the closed cycle engine.
15. A method, comprising:
operating a closed cycle engine, the closed cycle engine defining a cold side and a hot side;
flowing a working fluid through a bottoming-cycle loop positioned at least in part in a heat exchange relationship with the cold side of the closed cycle engine;
holding, via a constant density heat exchanger positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop, a volume of the working fluid flowing therethrough at constant density; and
applying, via a heat source, heat to the volume of the working fluid held at constant density,
wherein the bottoming-cycle loop is not in a direct heat exchange relationship with the hot side of the closed cycle engine.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein during applying, via the heat source, heat to the volume of the working fluid held at constant density, a temperature and a pressure of the volume of the working fluid is increased.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
expanding, via an expansion device positioned along the bottoming-cycle loop and downstream of the constant density heat exchanger, the volume of working fluid heated at constant density.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
causing the volume of working fluid heated at constant density to flow out of a working chamber of the constant density heat exchanger, wherein causing the volume of working fluid heated at constant density to flow out of the working chamber comprises moving an outlet flow control device positioned at an outlet of the working chamber to an open position.
19. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
causing the volume of working fluid to flow into a working chamber of the constant density heat exchanger, and wherein causing the volume of working fluid to flow into the working chamber comprises moving an inlet flow control device positioned at an inlet of the working chamber to an open position.