Silicon particles for battery electrodes
Silicon particles for use in an electrode in an electrochemical cell are provided. The silicon particles may have outer regions extending about 20 nm deep from the surfaces, the outer regions comprising an amount of aluminum such that a bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises at least about 0.01% by weight of the silicon particles. The bulk measurement of the aluminum may provide the amount of aluminum present at least in the outer regions.
1. A material comprising:
silicon particles;
wherein each silicon particle comprises a bulk material comprising an inner region and an outer region that extends from a surface of the bulk material to the inner region, the bulk material comprises silicon and aluminum, and a concentration of aluminum in the outer region of the bulk material differs from a concentration of aluminum in the inner region of the bulk material.
2. The material of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of aluminum in the outer region of the bulk material is greater than the concentration of aluminum in the inner region of the bulk material.
3. The material of claim 1 , wherein the outer region extends about 15 nanometers (nm) deep from the surface into the bulk material of each silicon particle.
4. The material of claim 1 , wherein the outer region extends about 20 nanometers (nm) deep from the surface into the bulk material of each silicon particle.
5. The material of claim 1 , wherein the outer region extends about 25 nanometers (nm) deep from the surface into the bulk material of each silicon particle.
6. An electrochemical cell comprising an electrode comprising the material of claim 1 .
7. The material of claim 1 , wherein:
the outer regions of the silicon particles comprises an amount of aluminum such that a bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises at least about 0.01% by weight of the silicon particles.
8. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises from about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of the silicon particles.
9. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises at least about 0.05% by weight of the silicon particles.
10. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises from about 0.05% to about 1% by weight of the silicon particles.
11. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises at least about 0.1% by weight of the silicon particles.
12. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight of the silicon particles.
13. The material of claim 7 , wherein the bulk measurement of the aluminum comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.6% by weight of the silicon particles.
14. The material of claim 7 , wherein the outer regions comprise aluminum oxide.
15. The material of claim 7 , wherein the outer regions comprise aluminum silicide.
16. The material of claim 1 , wherein the surfaces of the silicon particles provide an average contact angle from about 82° to about 87.1° with water as measured by the Washburn method.
17. An electrode for use in an electrochemical cell comprising the material of claim 1 .