Systems and methods employing interchangeable ion beam targets

1. A system for generating a plurality of different monoenergetic neutron energies comprising:

a) an ion source configured to produce an ion beam;

b) an accelerator operatively coupled to said ion source and configured to receive said ion beam and accelerate said ion beam to generate an accelerated ion beam;

c) a target station comprising a target holding mechanism;

d) a plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets, wherein each of said interchangeable ion beam targets:

i) is configured to be held by said target holding mechanism, and

ii) generates neutrons with a monoenergetic neutron energy value unique among said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets when struck with said accelerated ion beam, and

wherein collectively said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets, when struck with said accelerated ion beam, provide neutrons with a range of monoenergetic neutron energy values that spans at least 300 kiloelectron volts (keV); and

e) a collimator with a plurality of fingers, wherein the accelerated ion beam passes through the collimator, and wherein each finger of the plurality of fingers includes an isolated cooling circuit, and the respective cooling circuits are isolated from one another and configured to perform calorimetry.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of interchangeable said ion beam targets comprises, consists of, or consists essentially of: LiF, TiD 1.5-1.8 , TiT 1-2 , ErD 1.5 , ErT, or Li.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of said interchangeable ion beam targets: iii) has a thickness unique among said plurality of ion beam targets.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein collectively said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets provide neutrons with a range of monoenergetic neutron energy values that spans at least one mega-electron-volt (MeV).

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein collectively said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets provide neutrons with a range of monoenergetic neutron energy values that spans at least ten mega-electron-volts.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein said monoenergetic neutron energy of each of said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets is at least 100 keV different from each other.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein said monoenergetic neutron energy of each of said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets is at least 500 keV different from each other.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets comprises at least three ion beam targets.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a testing facility configured to scan an item with said neutrons.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein said item is selected from the group consisting of: a space system, space equipment, airplane component, infrastructure, materials and components subjected to possible radiation damage, and a component of a transportation system.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein said target station further comprises a water cooling system.

12. The system of claim 1 , further including a beam dump movable between a first position that intercepts the accelerated ion beam and a second position retracted from the accelerated ion beam.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the beam dump is water cooled.

14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of fingers include four fingers.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the collimator is annular and includes a tantalum proton sink section at an inner perimeter of the annulus.

16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the collimator is annular and includes a copper heat sink section at an outer perimeter of the annulus.

17. A system for generating a plurality of different monoenergetic neutron energies comprising:

a) an ion source configured to produce an ion beam;

b) an accelerator operatively coupled to said ion source and configured to receive said ion beam and accelerate said ion beam to generate an accelerated ion beam;

c) a target station comprising a target holding mechanism;

d) a plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets, wherein each of said interchangeable ion beam targets:

i) is configured to be held by said target holding mechanism, and

ii) generates neutrons with a monoenergetic neutron energy value unique among said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets when struck with said accelerated ion beam, and

wherein collectively said plurality of interchangeable ion beam targets, when struck with said accelerated ion beam, provide neutrons with a range of monoenergetic neutron energy values that spans at least 300 kiloelectron volts (keV); and

e) a collimator, wherein the accelerated ion beam passes through the collimator, wherein the collimator is annular and includes a tantalum proton sink section at an inner perimeter of the annulus and includes a copper heat sink section at an outer perimeter of the annulus.

18. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a testing facility configured to scan an item with said neutrons, wherein said item is selected from the group consisting of: a space system, space equipment, airplane component, infrastructure, materials and components subjected to possible radiation damage, and a component of a transportation system.

19. The system of claim 17 , further including a beam dump movable between a first position that intercepts the accelerated ion beam and a second position retracted from the accelerated ion beam.

20. The system of claim 17 , wherein the collimator includes a plurality of fingers.

21. The system of claim 20 , wherein each finger of the plurality of fingers includes an isolated cooling circuit, and the respective cooling circuits are isolated from one another and configured to perform calorimetry.