Magneto-dielectric materials, methods of making, and uses thereof
A magnetic fiber comprises a core comprising a spinel ferrite of formula Me 1-x M x Fe y O 4 , wherein Me is Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or a combination thereof, x=0 to 0.25, and y=1.5 to 2.5, wherein the core is solid or at least partially hollow; and a shell at least partially surrounding the core, and comprising a Me 1-x M x Fe y alloy, wherein when the core is solid with Me=Ni and x=0 the magnetic fiber has a diameter of greater than 0.3 micrometer. A magneto-dielectric material having a magnetic loss tangent of less than or equal to 0.03 at 1 GHz comprises a polymer matrix; and a plurality of the magnetic fibers.
1. A magnetic fiber, comprising:
a core comprising a spinel ferrite of formula Me 1-x M x Fe y O 4 , wherein
Me is Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, or a combination thereof,
M is Zn, Mg, Cu, Al, Cr, Mn, or a combination thereof,
x=0 to 0.25, and
y=1.5 to 2.5,
wherein the core is solid or at least partially hollow; and
a shell at least partially surrounding the core, and comprising a Me 1-x , M x Fe y alloy,
wherein when the core is solid with Me=Ni and x=0 the magnetic fiber has a diameter of greater than 0.3 micrometer.
2. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , having a diameter of 0.1 micrometer to 20 micrometers.
3. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , wherein the core is in the form of a tube.
4. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , wherein the core is the form of a tube and the inner diameter of the core has an average value of 0.01 micrometer to 3 micrometers.
5. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , wherein the core is solid.
6. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , having a length of 0.5 micrometer to 5000 micrometers.
7. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , having an aspect ratio of 5 to 20,000.
8. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , wherein the spinel ferrite has an average grain size of 10 nanometers to 500 nanometers.
9. The magnetic fiber of claim 1 , wherein the shell thickness is 20 nanometers to 2 micrometers.
10. A method of making the magnetic fiber of claim 1 , comprising
preparing a fiber from metal source compounds for the spinel ferrite;
calcining the fiber to synthesize the spinel ferrite and obtain the core; and
reducing the core in an atmosphere comprising hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, or a combination thereof to form the shell of the magnetic fiber.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein reducing the core is performed at a temperature of 100° C. to 1000° C.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the metal source compounds are soluble in water or ethanol.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein preparing the fiber comprises electrospinning, centrifugal spinning, or mechanical spinning of a solution comprising the metal source compounds.
14. The method of claim 10 further comprising breaking the magnetic fiber to a desired length.
15. A magneto-dielectric material comprising:
a polymer matrix; and
a plurality of the magnetic fibers of claim 1 ;
wherein the magneto-dielectric material has a magnetic loss tangent of less than or equal to 0.03 at 1 GHz.
16. The magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 , comprising 10 to 80 volume percent of the plurality of magnetic fibers, based on the total volume of the magneto-dielectric material.
17. The magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 , wherein the magneto-dielectric material further comprises a dielectric filler, a thermoconductive filler, a flame retardant, or a combination thereof.
18. The magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 wherein the thermoconductive filler is present, and comprises boron nitride, boron aluminum nitride, alumina, silica, natural graphite, copper, aluminum, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, diamond powder, silver powder, or a combination thereof.
19. The magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 , wherein the polymer matrix comprises a polycarbonate, a polystyrene, a polyphenylene ether, a polyimide, a polybutadiene, a polyacrylonitrile, a poly(C1-12 alkyl)methacrylate, a polyester, poly(butylene terephthalate), or polythioester), a polyolefin, a polyamide, a polyarylate, a polysulfone, a poly(phenylene sulfide), a poly(phenylene oxide), a polyether, a polyacrylic, a polyacetal, a polybenzoxazoles, a polyoxadiazole, a polypyrazinoquinoxaline, a polypyromellitimide, a polyquinoxaline, a polybenzimidazole, a polyoxindole, a polyoxoisoindoline, a polytriazine, a polypyridazine, a polypiperazine, a polypyridine, a polypiperidine, a polytriazole, a polypyrazole, a polypyrrolidine, a polycarborane, a polyoxabicyclononane, a polydibenzofuran, a polyphthalide, a polyacetal, a polyanhydride, a vinyl polymer, a polysulfonate, a polysulfide, a polyurea, a polyphosphazene, a polysilazane, a polysiloxane, a fluoropolymer, or a combination thereof.
20. A method of making the magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 , the method comprising:
combining a polymer, a plurality of the magnetic fibers, optionally a solvent, and optionally an additive composition to form a composition;
optionally removing the solvent from the composition; and
cooling the composition to provide the magneto-dielectric material.
21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising shaping the magneto-dielectric material.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein shaping the magneto-dielectric material comprises compression molding, injection molding, reaction injection molding, extruding, rolling, casting, or impregnating or laminating onto a reinforcing medium.
23. An article comprising the magneto-dielectric material of claim 15 .
24. The article of claim 23 , wherein the article is an antenna, a transformer, an anti-electromagnetic interference material, or an inductor.
25. The article of claim 23 , wherein the article is a microwave device.