COMBINATION THERAPY FOR TREATING OR PREVENTING CANCER

1 .- 25 . (canceled)

26 . A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising

administering to said subject (i) a first pharmaceutical composition that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a bacteria strain of the genus Enterococcus, wherein said bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene that has at least 95% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, and a BLOSUM matrix of 62, and (ii) a second pharmaceutical composition that comprises a CTLA-4 inhibitor,

whether said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject by oral administration and said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject by parenteral administration, and

wherein said administering is effective to treat cancer in said subject.

27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject by subcutaneous or intravenous administration.

28 . The method of claim 27 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject by intravenous infusion.

29 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject daily.

30 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject every other day.

31 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject twice a week.

32 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject once every 7 days.

33 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject once every 14 days.

34 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject once every 21 days.

35 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject once every 28 days.

36 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject daily and said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject every 14 days.

37 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject daily and said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject every 21 days.

38 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject daily and said second pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject every 28 days.

39 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject prior to first administration of said second pharmaceutical composition.

40 . The method of claim 39 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject for at least 7, 14, 21, or 28 days prior to said first administration of said second pharmaceutical composition.

41 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is administered to said subject at least partially in parallel to administration of said second pharmaceutical composition.

42 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said cancer is solid tumor cancer.

43 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said cancer is any one selected from the group consisting of lung cancer, breast cancer, kidney cancer, liver cancer, lymphoma, hepatoma, neuroendocrine cancer, melanoma, bladder cancer, and colon cancer.

44 . The method of claim 43 , wherein said cancer is non-small cell lung cancer.

45 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said subject is non-responsive or partially responsive to administering said second pharmaceutical composition alone, as compared to said administering.

46 . The method of claim 45 , wherein said subject has not been administered with an anti-cancer agent or therapy for treating said cancer prior to said administering.

47 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said subject is intolerance to a chemotherapy treatment.

48 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said administering is more effective to treat cancer as compared to administering said second pharmaceutical composition alone or as compared to administering said first pharmaceutical composition alone.

49 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacterial strain is dried.

50 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said therapeutically effective amount of said bacteria strain comprises from about 1×10 3 to about 1×10 11 colony forming units (CFU)/g of said bacteria strain with respect to the total weight of said pharmaceutical composition.

51 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacteria strain is capable of at least partially colonizing an intestine of said subject.

52 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition is formulated for delivery to an intestine of said subject.

53 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene that has at least 99% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, and a BLOSUM matrix of 62.

54 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene sequence that is the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.

55 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacterial strain is of species Enterococcus gallinarum.

56 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said bacterial strain is the strain deposited under accession number NCIMB 42488.

57 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said CTLA-4 inhibitor inhibits binding of a ligand to CTLA-4.

58 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said CTLA-4 inhibitor is an anti-CTLA-4 antibody or a CTLA-4 binding fragment thereof.

59 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition is selected from the group consisting of: ipilimumab, tremelimumab, RebMab 600, MK-1308, and a combination thereof.

60 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said first pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents.

61 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said second pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, or diluents.

62 . The method of claim 26 , further comprising administering a third pharmaceutical composition that comprises lipopolysaccharide.

63 . The method of claim 26 , wherein said administering increases the level of IFN-γ in the tumor microenvironment, increases the levels of IL-6 or IL-23 in the blood, or induces localization of CD8α positive cells in the ileum.

64 . A kit for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising

(i) a first pharmaceutical composition that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a bacteria strain of the genus Enterococcus, wherein said bacteria strain comprises a 16S rRNA gene that has at least 95% sequence identity to the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, as determined by a Smith-Waterman homology search algorithm using an affine gap search with a gap open penalty of 12 and a gap extension penalty of 2, and a BLOSUM matrix of 62, and

(ii) a second pharmaceutical composition that comprises a CTLA-4 inhibitor.