Field replaceable, disposable, and thermally optimized X-ray target with integral beam current monitoring

1. A linear accelerator target apparatus, comprising:

a target material to produce radiation upon being struck by electrons accelerated by a linear accelerator;

a target holder assembly to which the target material is attached, the target holder assembly comprising a cooling channel disposed around a perimeter of the target material, and wherein the target holder assembly is configured to be detachably coupled to a housing of the linear accelerator;

a protective window coupled to the target holder assembly over the target material;

at least one coupling interface between the cooling channel and the linear accelerator, and wherein the cooling channel comprises a serpentine shaped cooling channel.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

a toroidal current transformer coupled to the target holder assembly, the toroidal current transformer to measure an electron beam current of the linear accelerator.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target holder assembly further comprises:

a current sensing component coupled to the target material to measure an electron beam current of the linear accelerator, and wherein the target material is electrically isolated from the linear accelerator.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target material is less than 0.2 radiation lengths in thickness with respect to an atomic mass of the target material and an energy of the electrons.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:

an inert gas atmosphere disposed between the protective window and the target material.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the protective window is comprised of beryllium.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target holder assembly is coupled externally to the linear accelerator, and wherein the linear accelerator comprises a vacuum window at an output of the linear accelerator.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein when the target holder assembly is coupled to the linear accelerator, the protective window coupled to the target holder assembly is aligned with a second protective window at the output of the linear accelerator.

9. A radiation delivery system, comprising:

a linear accelerator;

a target material to produce radiation upon being struck by electrons accelerated by the linear accelerator;

a target holder assembly to which the target material is attached, the target holder assembly comprising a cooling channel disposed around a perimeter of the target material, and wherein the target holder assembly is configured to be detachably coupled to a housing of the linear accelerator;

a protective window coupled to the target holder assembly over the target material; and

at least one coupling interface between the cooling channel and the linear accelerator, and wherein the cooling channel comprises a serpentine shaped cooling channel.

10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:

a toroidal current transformer coupled to the target holder assembly, the toroidal current transformer to measure an electron beam current of the linear accelerator.

11. The system of claim 9 , wherein the target holder assembly further comprises:

a current sensing component coupled to the target material to measure an electron beam current of the linear accelerator, and wherein the target material is electrically isolated from the linear accelerator.

12. The system of claim 9 , wherein the target material is less than 0.2 radiation lengths in thickness with respect to an atomic mass of the target material and an energy of the electrons.

13. The system of claim 9 , further comprising:

an inert gas atmosphere disposed between the protective window and the target material.

14. The system of claim 9 , wherein the protective window is comprised of beryllium.

15. The system of claim 9 , wherein the target holder assembly is coupled externally to the linear accelerator, and wherein the linear accelerator comprises a vacuum window at an output of the linear accelerator.

16. The system of claim 15 , wherein when the target holder assembly is attached to the linear accelerator, the protective window coupled to the target holder assembly is aligned with a second protective window at the output of the linear accelerator.

17. A method comprising:

coupling a target assembly externally to a housing of a linear accelerator, the target assembly comprising:

a target material to produce radiation upon being struck by electrons accelerated by the linear accelerator;

a target holder assembly to which the target material is attached, the target holder assembly comprising a serpentine cooling channel disposed around a perimeter of the target material, and

a protective window coupled to the target holder assembly over the target material; and

generating a treatment beam of radiation using the linear accelerator to accelerate an electron beam to strike the target material of the target assembly.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

monitoring a current of the electron beam using a toroidal current transformer disposed in the target holder assembly.

19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising:

monitoring a current of the electron beam by electrically isolating the target material and directly measuring an electric current at the target material.

20. The method of claim 17 , wherein when the target holder assembly is attached to the linear accelerator, the protective window coupled to the target holder assembly is aligned with a vacuum window at an output of the linear accelerator.