Body-worn sensor for characterizing patients with heart failure
The invention provides a sensor for measuring both impedance and ECG waveforms that is configured to be worn around a patient's neck. The sensor features 1) an ECG system that includes an analog ECG circuit, in electrical contact with at least two ECG electrodes, that generates an analog ECG waveform; and 2) an impedance system that includes an analog impedance circuit, in electrical contact with at least two (and typically four) impedance electrodes, that generates an analog impedance waveform. Also included in the neck-worn system are a digital processing system featuring a microprocessor, and an analog-to-digital converter. During a measurement, the digital processing system receives and processes the analog ECG and impedance waveforms to measure physiological information from the patient. Finally, a cable that drapes around the patient's neck connects the ECG system, impedance system, and digital processing system.
1. A method for measuring a value of stroke volume from a patient, the method comprising:
providing a flexible system that rests on the patient's chest without wrapping around the chest, the flexible system including:
i) a set of electrodes comprising metal rivets configured to snap into electrode holders, with a first pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to connect to the patient's chest and inject electrical current into the patient's chest, wherein a first inner electrode is disposed between the first pair of electrodes, the first inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the first pair of electrodes, and a second pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to measure electrical signals from the patient's chest that are induced by the electrical current and generated by the patient's beating heart, wherein a second inner electrode is disposed between the second pair of electrodes, the second inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the second pair of electrodes,
ii) a first electrode holder, wherein the first pair of electrodes and the first inner electrode are configured to snap into the first electrode holder, and a second electrode holder, wherein the second pair of electrodes and the second inner electrode are configured to snap into the second electrode holder,
iii) a measurement system in electrical contact with the first and second pairs of electrodes, the measurement system configured to process the electrical signals to generate a time-dependent impedance signal, and
iv) a data-processing system in electrical contact with the measurement system and configured to process the time-dependent impedance signal to determine a value of stroke volume;
injecting the electrical current into the patient's chest with the first pair of electrodes;
measuring the electrical signals with the second pair of electrodes;
processing the electrical signals with the measurement system to generate the time-dependent impedance signal; and
processing the time-dependent impedance signal to determine the value of stroke volume via a Sramek-Bernstein equation.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring the electrical signal with the second pair of electrodes using a differential amplifier.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the differential amplifier is configured to measure the time-dependent electrical signal indicating a product of electrical impedance from the patient's chest and current injected by the first pair of electrodes.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising measuring a first time-dependent electrical signal with the differential amplifier, the first time-dependent electrical signal indicating a relationship between fluid levels, respiration, and electrical impedance in the patient's chest.
5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising processing the first time-dependent electrical signal with a computer algorithm to estimate the fluid levels in the patient's chest.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising processing the first time-dependent electrical signal with a computer algorithm to estimate the patient's respiration rate.
7. The method of claim 3 , further comprising measuring a second time-dependent electrical signal with the differential amplifier, the second time-dependent electrical signal indicating a relationship between heartbeat-induced blood flow and electrical impedance in the patient's chest.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising processing the second time-dependent electrical signal with the time-dependent impedance signal via a computer algorithm to estimate the patient's stroke volume.
9. The method of claim 7 , further comprising processing the second time-dependent electrical signal with a computer algorithm to estimate the patient's cardiac output.
10. The method of claim 7 , further comprising processing the second time-dependent electrical signal with a computer algorithm to estimate the patient's heart rate.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising measuring an ECG waveform with the first inner electrode and the second inner electrode.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising processing the ECG waveform to determine a heart rate.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising processing the ECG waveform to determine an arrhythmia.
14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising processing the ECG waveform to determine a heart rate variability.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flexible system further comprises a wireless transmitter in communication with the data-processing system.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising wirelessly transmitting the value of stroke volume from the wireless transmitter to a central monitoring station.
17. The method of claim 15 , further comprising wirelessly transmitting the value of stroke volume from the wireless transmitter to a cellular telephone.
18. A method for measuring a physiological parameter from a patient, the method comprising:
providing a flexible system that rests on the patient's chest without wrapping around the chest, the flexible system including:
i) a set of electrodes comprising metal rivets configured to snap into electrode holders, with a first pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to connect to the patient's chest and inject electrical current into the patient's chest, wherein a first inner electrode is disposed between the first pair of electrodes, the first inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the first pair of electrodes, and a second pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to measure electrical signals from the patient's chest that are induced by the electrical current and generated by the patient's beating heart, wherein a second inner electrode is disposed between the second pair of electrodes, the second inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the second pair of electrodes,
ii) a first electrode holder, wherein the first pair of electrodes and the first inner electrode are configured to snap into the first electrode holder, and a second electrode holder, wherein the second pair of electrodes and the second inner electrode are configured to snap into the second electrode holder,
iii) a measurement system in electrical contact with the first and second pairs of electrodes, the measurement system configured to process the electrical signals to generate a time-dependent impedance signal, and
iv) a data-processing system in electrical contact with the measurement system and configured to process the time-dependent impedance signal to determine a value of corresponding to the physiological parameter;
injecting the electrical current into the patient's chest with the first pair of electrodes;
measuring the electrical signals with the second pair of electrodes;
processing the electrical signals with the measurement system to generate the time-dependent impedance signal; and
processing the time-dependent impedance signal to determine the value corresponding to the physiological parameter via a Sramek-Bernstein equation.
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising measuring an ECG waveform with the first inner electrode and the second inner electrode, and processing the ECG waveform to determine at least one of a heart rate, an arrhythmia, and a heart rate variability.
20. A method for measuring a physiological parameter from a patient, the method comprising:
providing a flexible system that rests on the patient's chest without wrapping around the chest, the flexible system including:
i) a set of electrodes comprising metal rivets configured to snap into electrode holders, with a first pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to connect to the patient's chest and inject electrical current into the patient's chest, wherein a first inner electrode is disposed between the first pair of electrodes, the first inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the first pair of electrodes, and a second pair of electrodes in the set of electrodes configured to measure the electrical current after it passes through the patient's chest and is directly modulated by blood flow from the patient's beating heart, wherein a second inner electrode is disposed between the second pair of electrodes, the second inner electrode configured to measure ECG and disposed in linear alignment between each electrode in the second pair of electrodes,
ii) a first electrode holder, wherein the first pair of electrodes and the first inner electrode are configured to snap into the first electrode holder, and a second electrode holder, wherein the second pair of electrodes and the second inner electrode are configured to snap into the second electrode holder,
iii) a measurement system in electrical contact with the first and second pairs of electrodes, the measurement system configured to process the electrical signals to generate a time-dependent impedance signal, and
iv) a data-processing system in electrical contact with the measurement system and configured to process the time-dependent impedance signal to determine a value corresponding to the physiological parameter;
injecting the electrical current into the patient's chest with the first pair of electrodes;
measuring the electrical signals with the second pair of electrodes;
processing the electrical signals with the measurement system to generate the time-dependent impedance signal; and
processing the time-dependent impedance signal to determine the value corresponding to the physiological parameter via a Sramek-Bernstein equation.