Controller for optically-switchable windows
This disclosure provides a window controller that includes a command-voltage generator that generates a command voltage signal, and a pulse-width-modulated-signal generator that generates a pulse-width-modulated signal based on the command voltage signal. The pulse-width-modulated signal drives an optically-switchable device. The pulse-width-modulated signal comprises a first power component having a first duty cycle and a second power component having a second duty cycle. The first component delivers a first pulse during each active portion of the first duty cycle, and the second component delivers a second pulse during each active portion of the second duty cycle. The first pulses are applied to a first conductive layer and the second pulses are applied to a second conductive layer. The relative durations of the active portions and the relative durations of the first and second pulses are adjusted to result in a change in an effective DC voltage applied across the optically-switchable device.
1. An apparatus for tinting a tintable window comprising: at least one controller having circuitry, which at least one controller is configured to:
operatively couple to the tintable window;
receive a drive parameter;
compare the drive parameter received with sets of stored drive parameters arranged in a data structure of data elements to form a comparison, the data elements having power profiles that include a first power profile and a second power profile, wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile comprise parameters for transitioning from one of a lighter tint state to a darker tint state or from a darker tint state to a lighter tint state,
wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile include a first portion during which a first voltage ramp is applied, and a second portion during which a second voltage ramp is applied, wherein the first voltage ramp is separated from the second voltage ramp by at least one hold period,
wherein the first voltage ramp of the first power profile has a different voltage ramp rate as compared with the first voltage ramp of the second power profile, and
wherein (a) the first voltage ramp is increasing and the second voltage ramp is decreasing, or (b) the first voltage ramp is decreasing and the second voltage ramp is increasing;
utilize the comparison to identify a stored power profile that corresponds to the drive parameter received, which stored power profile is included in a data element of the data elements; and
apply the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is comprised in a hierarchical control system.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is comprised in a control system operatively coupled to a database storing sets of stored drive parameters arranged in a data structure of data elements.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller comprises a local component that is coupled to the tintable window without any intervening controller.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is coupled to a network configured to transmit communication and power, wherein the communication comprises wireless communication.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hold period of the first power profile has a first predetermined duration, wherein the hold period of the second power profile has a second predetermined duration, and wherein the first predetermined duration is different from the second predetermined duration.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period that is associated with counteracting leakage current to maintain a tint state of the tintable window.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period with an indefinite duration such that the second hold period extends until application of another power profile.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to:
receive at least one feedback signal from an exterior photosensor, an exterior photodetector, an interior photosensor, an interior photodetector, a thermal sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or a user-adjustable tint command signal; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the at least one feedback signal received, to tint to the tintable window.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to:
measure an amount of current flowing through the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the amount of current measured.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to:
measure a voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the voltage measured.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to:
apply current to the tintable window over transmission lines; and
measure resistance of the transmission lines via measurement of a voltage drop across at least one resistor coupled with one transmission line of the transmission lines during application of the current.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the resistance is a series resistance, and wherein the at least one resistor is coupled in series with the one transmission line.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to:
measure an amount of current flowing across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified;
calculate an actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, based at least in part on (i) the resistance measured and (ii) the amount of current measured; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the calculated actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one controller is configured to transmit at least one digital command to alter tint of the tintable window and/or a command to operate in an automatic mode.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the at least one controller is further configured to communicate with a building management system including at least one of a lighting system, a heating system, a cooling system, a ventilation system, a power system, and a security system and wherein the at least one controller is configured to modify the power profile identified based on feedback from the building management system.
17. A non-transitory computer readable medium for tinting a tintable window, the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute operations comprising:
receive a drive parameter;
compare the drive parameter received with sets of stored drive parameters arranged in a data structure of data elements to form a comparison, the data elements having power profiles that include a first power profile and a second power profile, wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile comprise parameters for transitioning from one of a lighter tint state to a darker tint state or from a darker tint state to a lighter tint state,
wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile include a first portion during which a first voltage ramp is applied, and a second portion during which a second voltage ramp is applied, wherein the first voltage ramp is separated from the second voltage ramp by at least one hold period,
wherein the first voltage ramp of the first power profile has a different voltage ramp rate as compared with the first voltage ramp of the second power profile, and
wherein (a) the first voltage ramp is increasing and the second voltage ramp is decreasing, or (b) the first voltage ramp is decreasing and the second voltage ramp is increasing;
utilize the comparison to identify a stored power profile that corresponds to the drive parameter received, which stored power profile is included in a data element of the data elements; and
apply the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window,
wherein the at least one processor is configured to operatively couple to the tintable window.
18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the hold period of the first power profile has a first predetermined duration, wherein the hold period of the second power profile has a second predetermined duration, and wherein the first predetermined duration is different from the second predetermined duration.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period that is associated with counteracting leakage current to maintain a tint state of the tintable window.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period with an indefinite duration such that the second hold period extends until application of another power profile.
21. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute further operations comprising:
receive at least one feedback signal from an exterior photosensor, an exterior photodetector, an interior photosensor, an interior photodetector, a thermal sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or a user-adjustable tint command signal; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the at least one feedback signal received, to tint to the tintable window.
22. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute further operations comprising:
measure an amount of current flowing through the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the amount of current measured.
23. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute further operations comprising:
measure a voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the voltage measured.
24. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17 , wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute further operations comprising:
apply current to the tintable window over transmission lines; and
measure resistance of the transmission lines via measurement of a voltage drop across at least one resistor coupled with one transmission line of the transmission lines during application of the current.
25. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 24 , wherein the resistance is a series resistance, and wherein the at least one resistor is coupled in series with the one transmission line.
26. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 24 , wherein the non-transitory computer readable medium, when read by at least one processor, is configured to execute further operations comprising:
measure an amount of current flowing across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified;
calculate an actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, based at least in part on (i) the resistance measured and (ii) the amount of current measured; and
modify the power profile identified based at least in part on the calculated actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified.
27. A method of tinting a tintable window, the method comprising:
receiving a drive parameter;
comparing the drive parameter received with sets of stored drive parameters arranged in a data structure of data elements to form a comparison, the data elements having power profiles that include a first power profile and a second power profile, wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile comprise parameters for transitioning from one of a lighter tint state to a darker tint state or from a darker tint state to a lighter tint state,
wherein each of the first power profile and the second power profile include a first portion during which a first voltage ramp is applied, and a second portion during which a second voltage ramp is applied, wherein the first voltage ramp is separated from the second voltage ramp by at least one hold period,
wherein the first voltage ramp of the first power profile has a different voltage ramp rate as compared with the first voltage ramp of the second power profile, and
wherein (a) the first voltage ramp is increasing and the second voltage ramp is decreasing, or (b) the first voltage ramp is decreasing and the second voltage ramp is increasing;
utilizing the comparison to identify a stored power profile that corresponds to the drive parameter received, which stored power profile is included in a data element of the data elements; and
applying the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the hold period of the first power profile has a first predetermined duration, wherein the hold period of the second power profile has a second predetermined duration, and wherein the first predetermined duration is different from the second predetermined duration.
29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period that is associated with counteracting leakage current to maintain a tint state of the tintable window.
30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the at least one hold period comprises a first hold period, wherein the first power profile and/or the second power profile includes a second hold period with an indefinite duration such that the second hold period extends until application of another power profile.
31. The method of claim 27 further comprising:
receiving at least one feedback signal from an exterior photosensor, an exterior photodetector, an interior photosensor, an interior photodetector, a thermal sensor, a temperature sensor, and/or a user-adjustable tint command signal; and
modifying application of the power profile identified based at least in part on the at least one feedback signal received, to tint to the tintable window.
32. The method of claim 27 further comprising:
measuring an amount of current flowing through the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modifying application of the power profile identified based at least in part on the amount of current measured.
33. The method of claim 27 further comprising:
measuring a voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, to tint the tintable window; and
modifying application of the power profile identified based at least in part on the voltage measured.
34. The method of claim 27 further comprising:
applying current to the tintable window over transmission lines; and
measuring a resistance of the transmission lines via measurement of a voltage drop across at least one resistor coupled with one transmission line of the transmission lines during application of the current.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein the resistance is a series resistance, and wherein the at least one resistor is coupled in series with the one transmission line.
36. The method of claim 34 further comprising:
measuring an amount of current flowing across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified;
calculating an actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified, based at least in part on (i) the resistance measured and (ii) the amount of current measured; and
modifying application of the power profile identified based at least in part on the calculated actual voltage across the tintable window during application of the power profile identified.
37. The method of claim 27 further comprising:
receiving feedback from a building management system including at least one of a lighting system, a heating system, a cooling system, a ventilation system, a power system, and a security system; and
modify application of the power profile identified based at least in part on the feedback from the building management system.