Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus
An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes: a conductive base body and a photosensitive layer, in which an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, and in which a fluorine atom concentration at a surface of the outermost surface layer is 1.5 to 5.0 times a fluorine atom concentration at a depth of 1 μm from the surface of the outermost surface layer, or in which a number density ratio of aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in a second region defined in this specification, to aggregates of he fluorine-containing resin particles in a first region defined in this specification is less than 0.95, and a ratio of an area ratio of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the second region, to an area ratio of the flourine-containing resin particles in the first region is within a range of 1±0.1.
1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:
a conductive base body; and
a photosensitive layer,
wherein an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles, and
wherein a fluorine atom concentration at a surface of the outermost surface layer is 1.5 to 5.0 times higher than a fluorine atom concentration at a depth of 1 μm from the surface of the outermost surface layer, or
wherein a ratio (N2/N1) between a number density (N1) of aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in a first region from a surface of the outermost surface layer to a half of the outermost surface layer in a thickness direction of the outermost surface layer and a number density (N2) of aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in a second region from the half of the outermost surface layer to a bottom face of the outermost surface layer is less than 0.95, and
a ratio (S2/S1) between an area ratio (S1) of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the first region, and an area ratio (S2) of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the second region is within a range of 1±0.1.
2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein an occupancy area of the fluorine-containing resin particles at the surface of the outermost surface layer is 0.33% to 1.1%.
3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,
wherein the occupancy area of the fluorine-containing resin particles at the surface of the outermost surface layer is 0.36% to 0.95%.
4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 3 ,
wherein the photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer and a charge transportation layer,
the outermost surface layer is the charge transportation layer, and
a concentration of a charge transportation material at a surface of the charge transportation layer is 0.4 to 0.6 times higher than a concentration of the charge transportation material at a center of the charge transportation layer in a thickness direction of the charge transportation layer.
5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,
wherein the photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer and a charge transportation layer,
the outermost surface layer is the charge transportation layer, and
a concentration of a charge transportation material at a surface of the charge transportation layer is 0.4 to 0.6 times higher than a concentration of the charge transportation material at a center of the charge transportation layer in a thickness direction of the charge transportation layer.
6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 ,
wherein the concentration of the charge transportation material at the surface of the charge transportation layer is 0.45 to 0.56 times higher than the concentration of the charge transportation material at the center of the charge transportation layer in the thickness direction of the charge transportation layer.
7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein the photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer and a charge transportation layer,
the outermost surface layer is the charge transportation layer, and
a concentration of a charge transportation material at a surface of the charge transportation layer is 0.4 to 0.6 times higher than a concentration of the charge transportation material at a center of the charge transportation layer in a thickness direction of the charge transportation layer.
8. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 7 ,
wherein the concentration of the charge transportation material at the surface of the charge transportation layer is 0.45 to 0.56 times higher than the concentration of the charge transportation material at the center of the charge transportation layer in the thickness direction of the charge transportation layer.
9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein the ratio (N2/N1) is 0.1 to 0.8.
10. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein a ratio (N3/N1) between the number density (N1) of the aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the first region from the surface of the outermost surface layer to the half of the outermost surface layer and a number density (N3) of aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in a third region from 9/10 of the outermost surface layer in the thickness direction from the surface of the outermost surface layer, to the bottom face of the outermost surface layer is 0.9 or less.
11. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein the ratio (N3/N1) is 0.7 or less.
12. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein a ratio (D2/D1) between an average diameter (D1) of the aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the first region, and an average diameter (D2) of the aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the second region is 2 or greater.
13. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 12 ,
wherein the ratio (D2/D1) is 3 to 30.
14. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein the number density (N1) of the aggregates of the fluorine-containing resin particles in the first region is 5 to 50 pieces/100 μm 2 .
15. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein a number of carboxylic groups in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 to 30 per 10 6 carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and an amount of a basic compound in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 to 3 ppm.
16. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 15 ,
wherein the number of the carboxylic groups in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 to 20 per 10 6 carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and the amount of the basic compound in the fluorine-containing resin particles is 0 to 3 ppm.
17. A process cartridge comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,
wherein the process cartridge is configured to be attached to and detached from an image forming apparatus.
18. The process cartridge according to claim 17 , further comprising:
a cleaning member configured to come into contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor to clean the electrophotographic photoreceptor,
wherein a contact pressure of the cleaning member against the electrophotographic photoreceptor is 1.0 to 4.0 g/mm.
19. An image forming apparatus comprising:
the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ;
a charging unit that is configured to charge a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor;
an electrostatic latent image forming unit that is configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor charged by the charging unit;
a development unit that is configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing toner to form a toner image; and
a transfer unit that is configured to transfer the toner image to a surface of a recording medium.
20. The image forming apparatus according to claim 19 , further comprising:
a cleaning unit that is configured to cause a cleaning member to be in contact with the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor to clean the surface,
wherein a contact pressure of the cleaning member against the electrophotographic photoreceptor is 1.0 to 4.0 g/mm.