Energy based transient earth-fault protection for high impedance grounded networks
A method for determining direction of an earth fault (EF) in a feeder of a high impedance grounded power system can be performed by an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). The method includes obtaining a measure of a first order harmonic active current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder, obtaining a measure of a higher order harmonic reactive current component derived from the residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder, and determining the direction of the EF in the feeder based on a combination of the first order harmonic active current component and the higher order harmonic reactive current component.
1. A method for determining direction of an earth fault (EF) in a feeder of a high impedance grounded power system, the method being performed by an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), the method comprising:
obtaining a measure of a first order harmonic active current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder;
obtaining a measure of a higher order harmonic reactive current component derived from the residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder; and
determining the direction of the EF in the feeder based on a combination of the first order harmonic active current component and the higher order harmonic reactive current component, wherein, when determining the direction of the EF, the first order harmonic active current component is compared with a first pair of current threshold values defined by a positive value for forward direction and a different negative value for reverse direction, and the higher order harmonic reactive current component is compared with a second pair of threshold values.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF is based on the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and on the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component is representative of a sum of N harmonic reactive current components of orders 2 to N, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be forward direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is higher than a pre-set positive threshold value.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be reverse direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is lower than a pre-set negative threshold value.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF further is dependent on whether the first order harmonic active current component is above or below a low current limit value.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF is based on a combination of a binary value of the first order harmonic active current component and a binary value of the higher order harmonic reactive current component.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the direction of the EF is further based on round mean square value of phase to ground voltage of the feeder and round mean square value of absolute rectified current of the feeder as valid for when the EF occurred.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein determining the direction of the EF comprises determining that direction is a forward direction, the method further comprising issuing a warning.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein determining the direction of the EF comprises determining that direction is a forward direction, the method further comprising initiating protection operation in the forward direction.
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein determining the direction of the EF comprises determining that direction is a reverse direction, the method further comprising initiating protection operation in the reverse direction.
12. An intelligent electronic device (IED) for determining direction of an earth fault (EF) in a feeder of a high impedance grounded power system, the TED comprising processing circuitry that is configured to cause the TED to:
obtain a measure of a first order harmonic active current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder;
obtain a measure of a higher order harmonic reactive current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder; and
determine a direction of the EF in the feeder based on a combination of the first order harmonic active current component and the higher order harmonic reactive current component, wherein, when determining the direction of the EF, the first order harmonic active current component is compared with a first pair of current threshold values defined by a positive value for forward direction and a different negative value for reverse direction, and the higher order harmonic reactive current component is compared with a second pair of threshold values.
13. The IED according to claim 12 , wherein the direction of the EF is based on the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and on the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time.
14. The IED according to claim 12 , wherein the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component is representative of a sum of N harmonic reactive current components of orders 2 to N, where N is an integer greater than 2.
15. The TED according to claim 12 , wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be forward direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is higher than a pre-set positive threshold value; and
wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be reverse direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is lower than a pre-set negative threshold value.
16. The IED according to claim 12 , wherein the direction of the EF is based on a combination of a binary value of the first order harmonic active current component and a binary value of the higher order harmonic reactive current component.
17. The IED according to claim 12 , wherein the direction of the EF is further based on round mean square value of phase to earth voltage of the feeder and round mean square value of absolute rectified current of the feeder as valid for when the EF occurred.
18. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing a computer program for determining direction of an earth fault (EF) in a feeder of a high impedance grounded power system, the computer program comprising computer code which, when run on processing circuitry of an intelligent electronic device (IED) causes the IED to:
obtain a measure of a first order harmonic active current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder;
obtain a measure of a higher order harmonic reactive current component derived from residual voltage and current of the feeder when the EF occurred in the feeder; and
determine the direction of the EF in the feeder based on a combination of the first order harmonic active current component and the higher order harmonic reactive current component, wherein, when determining the direction of the EF, the first order harmonic active current component is compared with a first pair of current threshold values defined by a positive value for forward direction and a different negative value for reverse direction, and the higher order harmonic reactive current component is compared with a second pair of threshold values.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be forward direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is higher than a pre-set positive threshold value; and
wherein the direction of the EF is determined to be reverse direction when at least one of the measure of the first order harmonic active current component as averaged over time and the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component as averaged over time is lower than a pre-set negative threshold value.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the measure of the higher order harmonic reactive current component is representative of a sum of N harmonic reactive current components of orders 2 to N, where N is an integer greater than 2.