Methods of forming electrochemical cells
Methods of forming electrochemical cells are described. In some embodiments, the method can include providing an electrochemical cell having an electrode with at least about 20% to about 99% by weight of silicon. The method can include providing a formation charge current at greater than about 1C to the electrochemical cell. Alternatively or additionally, the method can include providing a formation charge current at a substantially constant charge voltage to the electrochemical cell.
1. A method of forming an electrochemical cell, the method comprising:
providing an electrochemical cell comprising:
a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least the first electrode comprises at least about 20% to about 99% by weight of silicon;
a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode; and
an electrolyte in contact with the first electrode, the second electrode, and the separator; and
providing a formation process comprising a charge step, a rest step, and a discharge step, the charge step comprising providing a formation charge current at greater than about 1C to the electrochemical cell, wherein the formation process is completed in more than 3 minutes and less than 210 minutes.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formation charge current is provided at less than or equal to about 20C.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formation charge current is provided at greater than about 2C.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the formation charge current is provided at less than or equal to about 20C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formation charge current is provided for about 3 minutes to about 60 minutes.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing the formation charge current comprises charging to partial formation.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein charging to partial formation comprises charging to about 10% to about 90% of total capacity of the electrochemical cell.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein charging to partial formation comprises charging to about 20% to about 70% of the total capacity of the electrochemical cell.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein charging to partial formation comprises charging to about 30% to about 50% of the total capacity of the electrochemical cell.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing the formation charge current comprises providing a substantially constant formation charge current.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing the formation charge current comprises providing the formation charge current at a charge voltage from about 3 volts to about 6 volts.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell is a lithium-ion battery and providing the formation charge current comprises providing the formation charge current with substantially no lithium plating.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is an anode.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises a silicon-dominant electrode.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 30% to about 99% by weight.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 40% to about 99% by weight.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 50% to about 99% by weight.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 60% to about 99% by weight.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 70% to about 99% by weight.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the first electrode comprises the silicon at about 80% to about 99% by weight.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode further comprises graphite.