Integrative fungal solutions for protecting bees
The present invention is based on a plurality of benefits from the extracts of mycelia of individual fungal species, and mixtures of species, to provide an armamentarium of defenses from multiple stressors in order to help bees survive a complex of symptoms collectively called colony collapse disorder (CCD). More particularly, the present invention utilizes specific concentrations of extracts from pure cultured mycelium from mushroom forming fungi to reduce harmful viruses in bees and to increase the longevity of bees.
1. A composition for improving bee health comprising effective amounts of:
1% or less by volume of one or more aqueous ethanol mycelial extracts of Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma resinaceum, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis officinalis, Trametes versicolor , or combinations thereof;
one or more bee feeding supplements; and
one or more preservatives.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelial extract is from Ganoderma applanatum.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelial extract is from Ganoderma resinaceum.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelial extract is from Fomes fomentarius.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelial extract is from Fomitopsis officinalis.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelial extract is from Trametes versicolor.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a mycelial extract from Antrodia cinnamonea, Fomitopsis pinicola, Ganoderma atrum, Ganoderma brownii, Ganoderma curtisii, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lingzhi, Ganoderma oregonense, Ganoderma tsugae, Fomitiporia robusta, Heterobasidion annosum, Inonotus hispidus, Inonotus andersonii, Inonotus dryadeus, Inonotus obliquus, Laetiporus cincinnatus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Laetiporus conifericola, Lenzites betulina, Phellinus igniarius, Phellinus linteus, Phellinus pini, Piptoporus betulinus, Polyporus elegans, Stereum complicatum, Stereum hirsutum, Stereum ostrea, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes elegans, Trametes gibbosa, Trametes hirsuta, Trametes villosa, Trametes cingulata, Trametes ochracea, Trametes pubescens, Trametes ectypa, Trametes aesculi, Wolfiporia cocos, Agaricus augustus, Agaricus blazei, Agaricus bonardii, Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus campestris, Agaricus lilaceps, Agaricus subrufescens, Agaricus sylvicola, Agrocybe pediades, Agrocybe aegerita, Agrocybe arvalis, Agrocybe praecox, Clitocybe odora, Conocybe cyanopus, Conocybe lacteus, Conocybe rickenii, Conocybe smithii, Conocybe tenera, Coprinopsis nivea, Coprinopsis lagopus, Coprinus comatus, Coprinus micaceus, Gymnopus hydrophilus, Gymnopus peronatus, Hypholoma aurantiaca ( Leratiomyces ceres ), Hypholoma capnoides, Hypholoma sublateritium, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Hypsizygus tessulatus, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Lentinus ponderosus, Lepiota procera ( Macrolepiota procera ), Lepiota rachodes ( Chlorophyllum rachodes ), Lepista nuda, Mycena alcalina, Mycena pura, Mycena aurantiidisca, Panellus serotinus, Panaeolus foenisecii, Panaeolus subbalteatus, Pleurotus columbinus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus tuberregium, Panellus stipticus, Panellus serotinus, Pluteus cervinus, Psathyrella aquatica, Psathyrella candolleana, Psathyrella hydrophila, Psilocybe allenii, Psilocybe azurescens, Psilocybe caerulescens, Psilocybe coprophila, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe cyanescens, Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata, Psilocybe stuntzii, Psilocybe subaeruginosa, Stropharia aeruginosa, Stropharia cyanea, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Stropharia semiglobata, Stropharia semigloboides, Stropharia squamosa, Stropharia thrausta, Stropharia umbonatescens, Termitomyces robusta, Volvariella bombycina, Volvariella volvacea , or combinations thereof; and
wherein the composition comprises a total effective amount of about 1% or less by volume of mycelium extract.
8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the bee feeding supplements comprise one or more of water, sugars, sugar syrup, high fructose corn syrup water, bee candy, nectar, pollen, pollen patties, grease patties, propolis, bees wax, bee sprays, bee feed, protein supplements, or combinations thereof.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the preservative comprises ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, butyl alcohol, other C 2 -C 6 alcohols, benzalkonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride solution, benzethonium chloride, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, butylparaben, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, cresol, dehydroacetic acid, ethylparaben, methylparaben, methylparaben sodium, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric acetate, phenylmercuric nitrate, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, propylparaben, propylparaben sodium, sodium benzoate, sodium dehydroacetate, sodium propionate, sorbic acid, thimerosal, thymol, or combinations thereof.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the extract comprises an aqueous ethanol mycelium extract; a dried aqueous ethanol mycelium extract; a supernatant remaining after precipitation of an aqueous mycelium extract with ethanol; a supernatant from an aqueous ethanol mycelium extract having a portion of solvent removed; a supernatant from aqueous ethanol mycelium extract having solvent removed; a supernatant from an aqueous ethanol mycelium extract having a portion of solvent and all precipitate removed; a supernatant from aqueous ethanol mycelium extract having both solvent and precipitate removed; steam distilled ethanol extracts; microwave-assisted ethanol extracts; or combinations thereof.
11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelium is cultivated on a substrate comprising solid substrates or liquid substrates.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelium is cultivated on a substrate comprising deciduous or coniferous sawdust.
13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the mycelium is cultivated on a substrate comprising birch or alder sawdust.
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity by more than about 1%.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity by more than about 3%.
16. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity by more than about 5%.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by reducing viral load by more than about 1%.
18. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by reducing viral load by more than about 15%.
19. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by reducing viral load by more than about 25%.
20. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity and reducing viral load by an LV index of more about than 1.
21. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity and reducing viral load by an LV index of more than about 50.
22. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition improves bee health by increasing longevity and reducing viral load by an LV index of more than about 200.