Process for preparing multi-layer electrochromic stacks
Process for forming a multi-layer electrochromic structure, the process comprising depositing a film of a liquid mixture onto a surface of a substrate, and treating the deposited film to form an anodic electrochromic layer, the liquid mixture comprising a continuous phase and a dispersed phase, the dispersed phase comprising metal oxide particles, metal alkoxide particles, metal alkoxide oligomers, gels or particles, or a combination thereof having a number average size of at least 5 nm.
1. A process for preparing a multi-layer electrochromic structure, comprising:
depositing a film of a first liquid mixture onto an electrode substrate film to form a cathodic electrochromic layer comprising a surface;
depositing a film of a second liquid mixture onto a counter-electrode substrate to form an anodic electrochromic layer comprising a surface , and wherein prior to depositing the film of the second liquid mixture, the second liquid mixture is formed by the method comprising:
preparing a metal precursor solution comprising a hydrolysable organometallic lithium and nickel complex;
modifying the complex with an organic acid; and
partially hydrolyzing the metal precursor solution through the addition of controlled amounts of water; and
forming a laminate of the cathodic electrochromic layer, the anodic electrochromic layer and an ion conductor layer, the ion conductor layer being disposed between the surface of the cathodic electrochromic layer and the surface of the anodic electrochromic layer.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor solution further comprises a stabilizing metal dopant in an organic solvent.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolysable organometallic lithium and nickel complex further comprises an alkoxide ligand.
4. The process of claim 3 , further comprising controlling the rate of hydrolysis of the metal precursor solution by adjusting the equivalencies of water and acid relative to the alkoxide ligand.
5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising thermally treating the cathodic electrochromic layer in a humidity controlled environment after forming the cathodic electrochromic layer.
6. The process of claim 1 , further comprising thermally treating the anodic electrochromic layer in a humidity controlled environment after forming the anodic electrochromic layer.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrolysable lithium and nickel complex further comprises a stabilizing metal dopant.
8. The process of claim 1 , further comprising forming a first current modulating layer on the electrode substrate film and forming a second current modulating layer on the counter-electrode substrate and depositing the film of the first liquid mixture on the first current modulating layer and depositing the film of the second liquid mixture on the second current modulating layer.