Vertical cavity surface emitting laser device with integrated tunnel junction
VCSELs have a substrate, first and second electrical contacts (ECs), and an optical resonator (OR), having first and second distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and an active layer between the DBRs. The first DBR is between the substrate and the active layer. One of the DBRs has: first and second parts, having different conductivity types, and each with a pair of layers with different refractive indices. A tunnel junction (TJ) is between the parts. The ECs are for electrically pumping the OR such that the TJ is reversely biased during operation of the VCSEL. Either the first DBR includes the parts, having a relative thickness of the second part to a total thickness of the first and second parts between 0.1-0.8, or the second DBR has the parts, the second part being on the TJ facing away from the active layer, and the relative thickness being between 0.15-0.6.
1. A Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device comprising:
a substrate;
a first electrical contact;
a second electrical contact; and
an optical resonator, wherein the optical resonator comprises:
a first distributed Bragg reflector as a first end mirror of the optical resonator;
a second distributed Bragg reflector as a second end mirror of the optical resonator; and
an active layer for light emission,
wherein the active layer is between the first distributed Bragg reflector and the second distributed Bragg reflector,
wherein the first distributed Bragg reflector is between the substrate and the active layer,
wherein either the first distributed Bragg reflector or the second distributed Bragg reflector comprises:
a first part with at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices; and
a second part with at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices,
wherein the first part and the second part are characterized by different conductivity types,
wherein a tunnel junction is between the first part and the second part,
wherein the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact are configured to electrically pump the optical resonator such that the tunnel junction is reversely biased during operation of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device, and
wherein either:
a) the first distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, wherein a relative thickness of the second part with respect to a total thickness of the first part and the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.1-0.8, or
b) the second distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, the second part being arranged on a side of the tunnel junction facing away from the active layer, wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is 0.2 and 0.5.
2. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein the first distributed Brag reflector comprises the first part and the second part, the first part is arranged on a side of the tunnel junction facing the active layer, wherein the second part is arranged on the side of the tunnel junction facing away from the active layer, and wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.1 and 0.8.
3. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein the tunnel junction is configured to be arranged in a node of a standing wave pattern within the optical resonator during operation of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.
4. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device comprises a current confinement layer, wherein the first part is arranged between the current confinement layer and the tunnel junction.
5. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 ,
wherein the second distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, the second part being arranged on the side of the tunnel junction facing away from the active layer, and
wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is 0.2-0.5.
6. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 ,
wherein the second distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, the second part being arranged on the side of the tunnel junction facing away from the active layer,
wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.2 and 0.5,
wherein the substrate is characterized by a first conductivity type,
wherein the first distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by the first conductivity type,
wherein the first part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by a second conductivity type, and
wherein the second part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by the first conductivity type.
7. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 ,
wherein the first distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, and
wherein the relative thickness of the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.2-0.6.
8. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 ,
wherein the first distributed Bragg reflector comprises the first part and the second part, and
wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.1-0.8,
wherein the substrate is characterized by a first conductivity type,
wherein the first part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by a second conductivity type,
wherein the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by the first conductivity type, and
wherein the second distributed Bragg reflector is characterized by the first conductivity type.
9. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 6 ,
wherein the first conductivity type is n-conductive,
wherein the second electrical contact is arranged on the side of the second distributed Bragg reflector facing away from the active layer, and
wherein the second electrical contact is configured to be a cathode contact of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.
10. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein a reflectivity of the second distributed Bragg reflector is lower than a reflectivity of the first distributed Bragg reflector such that laser light is configured to be emitted through the second distributed Bragg reflector during operation of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.
11. The Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein a reflectivity of the second distributed Bragg reflector is higher than a reflectivity of the first distributed Bragg reflector such that laser light is configured to be emitted through the first distributed Bragg reflector during operation of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.
12. An optical sensor comprising the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 .
13. A time-of-flight sensor module comprising at least one of the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device according to claim 1 , wherein the time-of-flight sensor module further comprises an electrical driver arranged to provide the current between the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact.
14. A method of fabricating a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) device, the method comprising:
providing a substrate;
providing a first electrical contact;
providing a first distributed Bragg reflector as a first end mirror of an optical resonator of the VCSEL device;
providing an active layer such that the first distributed Bragg reflector is arranged between the active layer and the substrate;
providing a second distributed Bragg reflector as a second end mirror of the optical resonator of the VCSEL device, wherein the active layer is arranged between the first distributed Bragg reflector and the second distributed Bragg reflector;
providing a tunnel junction such that the first distributed Bragg reflector is separated in a first part, comprising at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices, and a second part, comprising at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices, wherein the first part and the second part are characterized by different conductivity types, wherein the relative thickness of the second part with respect to the total thickness of the first part and the second part of the first distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.1-0.8; and
providing a second electrical contact, wherein the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact are arranged to provide an electrical drive current to electrically pump the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.
15. A method of fabricating a Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) device, the method comprising:
providing a substrate;
providing a first electrical contact;
providing a first distributed Bragg reflector as a first end mirror of an optical resonator of the VCSEL device;
providing an active layer such that the first distributed Bragg reflector is arranged between the active layer and the substrate;
providing a second distributed Bragg reflector as a second end mirror of the optical resonator of the VCSEL device, wherein the active layer is arranged between the first distributed Bragg reflector and the second distributed Bragg reflector;
providing a tunnel junction such that the second distributed Bragg reflector is separated in a first part, comprising at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices, and a second part, comprising at least one pair of layers with different refractive indices, wherein the first part and the second part are characterized by different conductivity types, wherein the second part is arranged on a side of the tunnel junction facing away from the active layer, wherein a relative thickness of the second part with respect to a total thickness of the first part and the second part of the second distributed Bragg reflector is between 0.2 and 0.5, and
providing a second electrical contact, wherein the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact are arranged to provide an electrical drive current to electrically pump the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser device.