Surface treated additive manufacturing printhead nozzles and methods for the same
Nozzles for an additive manufacturing device and methods for improving wettability of the nozzles are disclosed. The method may include subjecting the nozzle to a surface treatment. The surface treatment may include contacting a surface of the nozzle with one or more surface modifying agents. The surface modifying agents may include one or more of an oxidizing agent, an acid, a base, or combinations thereof. The one or more surface modifying agents may increase an oxygen content of the surface of the nozzle. An inner surface of the nozzle may have a water contact angle of greater than 1° and less than about 90°. The inner surface of the nozzle may be free or substantially free of a coating.
1. A method for modifying wettability of a nozzle for an additive manufacturing device, the method comprising subjecting the nozzle to a surface treatment, wherein the surface treatment comprises contacting a surface of the nozzle with one or more surface modifying agents, wherein the one or more surface modifying agents increase an oxygen content of the surface of the nozzle, wherein the nozzle is fabricated from one or more graphitic materials, and wherein the surface modifying agents comprises one or more of an oxidizing agent, an acid, a base, or a combination thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the surface of the nozzle with the one or more surface modifying agents comprises contacting an inner surface of the nozzle with the one or more surface modifying agents.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the surface of the nozzle with the one or more surface modifying agents comprises contacting an inner surface and an outer surface of the nozzle with the one or more surface modifying agents.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the nozzle is contacted with the one or more surface modifying agents for a period of time of from about 1 min to about 60 min.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface modifying agents comprise the oxidizing agent.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the surface modifying agents further comprise the acid or the base.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the surface modifying agents comprise the oxidizing agent and the acid, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises hydrogen peroxide and the acid comprises concentrated sulfuric acid, wherein the concentrated sulfuric acid and the hydrogen peroxide are present in a volume ratio of from about 2:1 to about 4:1.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface modifying agents comprise the oxidizing agent, and wherein the oxidizing agent comprises one or more of hydrogen peroxide, a hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, inorganic chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), nitrogen dioxide/dinitrogen tetroxide (NO 2 /N 2 O 4 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), inorganic peroxides, Fenton's reagent, inorganic nitrates, hexavalent chromium compounds, permanganate compounds, sodium perborate, cerium (IV) compounds, sodium bismuthate, fluorine (F 2 ), chlorine (Cl 2 ), bromine (Br 2 ), ruthenium tetroxide (RuO 4 ), osmium tetroxide (OsO 4 ), Tl (III) thallic compounds, or the like, or mixtures or combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface modifying agents comprise the acid, and wherein the acid comprises one or more of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, peroxymonosulfuric acid, peroxydisulfuric acid, acetic acid, or the like, or any combination thereof.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the acid comprises concentrated nitric acid and concentrated hydrochloric acid in a volume ratio of from about 1:3 to about 1:5.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface modifying agents comprise the base, and wherein the base comprises one or more of a metal hydroxide, ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, or combinations thereof, optionally, the metal hydroxide comprises one or more of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the nozzle with an aqueous solution.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising drying the nozzle after rinsing, wherein drying the nozzle comprises heating the nozzle.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the nozzle to a post-treatment process to preserve the increased oxygen content of the surface of the nozzle, wherein the post-treatment process comprises contacting the surface of the nozzle with an intermediate sacrificial material.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the post-treatment process further comprises cooling the nozzle with the intermediate sacrificial material contacting the surface of the nozzle.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method does not comprise depositing a coating on the surface of the nozzle.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nozzle is fabricated from graphite.