Methods and systems for analyzing brain lesions with longitudinal 3D MRI data

1. A method of analyzing one or more lesions of a brain of a patient, the method comprising:

for each of the lesion(s), from a first 3-dimensional (3D) representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a first time and a second 3D representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a second time that is after the first time, calculating one or more lesion characteristics that include:

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the volume of the lesion;

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the surface area of the lesion;

a displacement of the lesion from the first time to the second time; and/or

the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times;

for each of the lesion(s), assessing whether one or more criteria are satisfied, the one or more criteria including:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change less than or equal to 1.5 cubic millimeters (mm 3 ); and

characterizing whether the patient has multiple sclerosis and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis in the patient based at least in part on: the calculation of the lesion characteristic(s) of each of the lesion(s) and the assessment of the one or more criteria for each of the lesion(s).

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

an area-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in the surface area of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold surface area change;

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio.

3. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

determining for at least a majority of the lesion(s) that at least one of the one or more criteria is satisfied; and

determining that the patient has multiple sclerosis.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the one or more criteria also includes:

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement and/or

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio; and

the threshold displacement and the threshold theoretical radius ratio are not determined based on the age of the patient.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes an area-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in the surface area of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold surface area change.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the data taken at the first time and the data taken at the second time each is a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image of the brain of the patient.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time elapsed between the first and second times is between 6 months and 4 years.

8. A method of analyzing one or more lesions of a brain of a patient, the method comprising:

for each of the lesion(s), from a first 3-dimensional (3D) representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a first time and a second 3D representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a second time that is after the first time, calculating one or more lesion characteristics that include:

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the volume of the lesion;

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the surface area of the lesion;

a displacement of the lesion from the first time to the second time; and/or

the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times;

for each of the lesion(s), assessing whether one or more criteria are satisfied, the one or more criteria including:

an area-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in the surface area of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold surface area change less than or equal to 2.0 square millimeters (mm 2 ); and

characterizing whether the patient has multiple sclerosis and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis in the patient based at least in part on: the calculation of the lesion characteristic(s) of each of the lesion(s) and the assessment of the one or more criteria for each of the lesion(s).

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change; and

the method further comprises determining the threshold volume change and/or the threshold surface area change based at least in part on the age of the patient.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change;

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio.

11. The method of claim 8 , comprising:

determining for at least a majority of the lesion(s) that at least one of the one or more criteria is satisfied; and

determining that the patient has multiple sclerosis.

12. The method of claim 8 , wherein:

the one or more criteria also includes:

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and/or

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio; and

the threshold displacement and the threshold theoretical radius ratio are not determined based on the age of the patient.

13. A system for analyzing one or more lesions of a brain of a patient, the system comprising one or more processors configured to:

for each of the lesion(s), from a first 3-dimensional (3D) representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a first time and a second 3D representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a second time that is after the first time, calculate one or more lesion characteristics that include:

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the volume of the lesion;

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the surface area of the lesion;

a displacement of the lesion from the first time to the second time; and/or

the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times;

for each of the lesion(s), assess whether one or more criteria are satisfied, the one or more criteria including:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change less than or equal to 1.5 cubic millimeters (mm 3 ); and

characterize whether the patient has multiple sclerosis and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis in the patient based at least in part on: the calculation of the lesion characteristic(s) of each of the lesion(s) and the assessment of the one or more criteria for each of the lesion(s).

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

an area-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in the surface area of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold surface area change;

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein:

one or more criteria also includes:

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement and/or a the deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio; and

the processor(s) are configured to assess whether the displacement-based criterion and/or the deformation-based criterion are satisfied without determining the threshold displacement and/or the threshold theoretical radius ratio based on the age of the patient.

16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the data taken at the first time and the data taken at the second time each is a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image of the brain of the patient.

17. A system for analyzing one or more lesions of a brain of a patient, the system comprising one or more processors configured to:

for each of the lesion(s), from a first 3-dimensional (3D) representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a first time and a second 3D representation of the lesion obtained from data taken at a second time that is after the first time, calculate one or more lesion characteristics that include:

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the volume of the lesion;

a change, from the first time to the second time, in the surface area of the lesion;

a displacement of the lesion from the first time to the second time; and/or

the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times;

for each of the lesion(s), assess whether one or more criteria are satisfied, the one or more criteria including:

an area-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in the surface area of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold surface area change less than or equal to 2.0 square millimeters (mm 2 ); and

characterize whether the patient has multiple sclerosis and/or the progression of multiple sclerosis in the patient based at least in part on: the calculation of the lesion characteristic(s) of each of the lesion(s) and the assessment of the one or more criteria for each of the lesion(s).

18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change; and

the processor(s) are configured to determine the threshold volume change and/or the threshold surface area change based at least in part on the age of the patient.

19. The system of claim 17 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and/or a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio; and

the processor(s) are configured to assess whether the displacement-based criterion and/or the deformation-based criterion are satisfied without determining the threshold displacement and/or the threshold theoretical radius ratio based on the age of the patient.

20. The system of claim 17 , wherein the one or more criteria also includes:

a volume-based criterion that is satisfied when the change in volume of the lesion is less than or equal to a threshold volume change;

a displacement-based criterion that is satisfied when the displacement is greater than or equal to a threshold displacement; and

a deformation-based criterion that is satisfied when the theoretical radius ratio of the lesion at each of the first and second times is greater than or equal to a threshold theoretical radius ratio.

21. The system of claim 17 , wherein the data taken at the first time and the data taken at the second time each is a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image of the brain of the patient.