Carbon fiber fabrication systems and methods
Methods comprising: contacting a carbon fiber seed to a carbon-metal melt, drawing the carbon fiber seed to form a carbon fiber. And, systems and apparatuses comprising: a carbon fiber reactor for fabricating carbon fiber, the reactor comprising a receptacle for containing a carbon-metal melt, and a plurality of nozzles through which a plurality of menisci are formed by the carbon-metal melt for contact with a carbon seed to fabricate the carbon fiber.
1. A method comprising: contacting a carbon fiber seed with a a carbon-metal melt, drawing the carbon fiber seed from at a pulling rate to form a carbon fiber.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein when the pulling rate is a pulling down rate from a meniscus of the carbon-metal melt, a temperature of the carbon-metal melt above the meniscus is above liquidus and the temperature below the meniscus is below liquidus; and when the pulling rate is a pulling up rate from the meniscus of the carbon-metal melt, a temperature of the carbon-metal melt below the meniscus is above liquidus and the temperature above the meniscus is below liquidus.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the pulling rate is about 10 mm/min to about 10,000 mm/min.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the pulling rate is 1,000 mm/min.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon fiber has a diameter in the range of about 1 μm to about 100 μm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon fiber has a length of about 0.5 km to about 50 km.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-metal melt comprises a carbon source selected from the group consisting a hydrocarbon gas, a hydrocarbon liquid, a hydrocarbon solid, a natural gas, a flared natural gas, a biogas, a pyrolysis gas, petcoke, coal, soot, recycled pure carbon fiber waste, recycled carbon fiber composite waste, a plastic, a recycled plastic, a biomass, organic waste, petroleum, an oil, biochar, a fossil fuel, and the like, and any combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the carbon source is derived from a pyrolysis reaction of a reaction gas selected from the group consisting of a hydrocarbon gas, a natural gas, a flared natural gas, a biogas, a pyrolysis gas, and any combination thereof.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the pyrolysis reaction comprises: evaporating a catalyst source to produce a catalyst gas; condensing the catalyst gas to produce a catalyst vapor comprising catalyst droplets suspended in a gas phase; and contacting the catalyst vapor with the reaction gas so as to catalyze a decomposition reaction of the gas into hydrogen gas and the carbon source.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the catalyst gas before condensation is at a temperature of about 5° C. to about 500° C. greater than a boiling point of the catalyst.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein condensing the catalyst gas comprises: exposing the catalyst gas to the reaction gas, wherein the reaction gas is at a temperature below a boiling point of the catalyst.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the catalyst is a metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of zinc, cesium, selenium, rubidium, potassium, cadmium, sodium, polonium, tellurium, magnesium, ytterbium, lithium, strontium, thallium, calcium, and any combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the metal catalyst is zinc.