Composite filter media with multiple fiber structures including nanofibers
A filter media comprises a first fiber layer and a second fiber layer positioned downstream of the first fiber layer. The first fiber layer has a first geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 μm such that the geometric standard deviation of fiber diameter is greater than 2. The second fiber layer has a second geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 μm such that the geometric standard deviation of fiber diameter is less than 2.
1. A filter media for use in a filter element, comprising:
a first fiber layer;
a second fiber layer positioned downstream of the first fiber layer, the first fiber layer having a first geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 μm, a first geometric standard deviation of fiber diameter greater than 2.0, and a first pore size distribution corresponding to a first P99/P50 ratio, the first P99/P50 ratio based on a first mean flow pore size P50 of less than 3 μm, and the second fiber layer having a second geometric mean fiber diameter of less than 1 μm, a second geometric standard deviation of fiber diameter less than or equal to 2.0, and a second pore size distribution corresponding to a second P99/P50 ratio, the second P99/P50 ratio based on a second mean flow pore size P50 of less than 10 μm, wherein the second P99/P50 ratio is less than the first P99/P50 ratio, wherein the first P99/P50 ratio is greater than 3 and the second P99/P50 ratio is less than 2, wherein the first fiber layer comprises nanofibers in a first amount and microfibers in a second amount that is less than the first amount, and wherein a ratio of a first Frazier permeability of the first fiber layer to a second Frazier permeability of the second fiber layer is within a range of 0.3 and 2.0, inclusive; and
a substrate positioned downstream of the second fiber layer such that the second fiber layer is disposed between the first fiber layer and the substrate, the substrate comprising coarser fibers than each of the first fiber layer and the second fiber layer and having a third geometric mean fiber diameter of larger than 1 μm.
2. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein a ratio of the first geometric mean fiber diameter to the second geometric mean fiber diameter is within a range of 0.4 and 2.2, inclusive.
3. The filter media of claim 2 , wherein the first geometric mean fiber diameter of the first fiber layer is less than or equal to the second geometric mean fiber diameter of the second fiber layer.
4. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein between 2% and 20% by number of fibers included in the first fiber layer have a diameter larger than 1 μm.
5. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein less than 15% by number of fibers included in the second fiber layer have a diameter larger than 1 μm.
6. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the first fiber layer comprises a refractory material.
7. The filter media of claim 6 , wherein the nanofibers have a length within a range of 1 mm and 30 mm, inclusive.
8. The filter media of claim 6 , wherein greater than 50% of a mass of the first fiber layer comprises the refractory material.
9. The filter media of claim 6 , wherein the second fiber layer comprises a polymeric material.
10. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the first mean flow pore size P50 of the first fiber layer is equal to or less than the second mean flow pore size P50for the second fiber layer.
11. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the first fiber layer further comprises a phenolic resin for bonding the nanofibers and the microfibers.
12. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the second fiber layer comprises continuous polymeric fibers.
13. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein each of the first fiber layer and the second fiber layer has a monomodal pore size distribution.
14. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the first fiber layer has a first Frazier permeability of less than 20 cfm, and the second fiber layer has a second Frazier permeability greater than 5 cfm.
15. The filter media of claim 14 , wherein the first Frazier permeability of the first fiber layer is less than 10 cfm.
16. The filter media of claim 14 , wherein the nanofibers and the microfibers comprise a refractory material, and wherein the second fiber layer comprises continuous polymeric fibers.
17. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein:
the second fiber layer comprises continuous polymeric fibers; and
the first fiber layer and the second fiber layer are bonded to one another by one of thermal, sonic, chemical, or mechanical bonding.
18. The filter media of claim 1 , further comprising a spun-bound layer positioned upstream of the first fiber layer such that the first fiber layer and the second fiber layer are disposed between the spun-bound layer and the substrate.
19. The filter media of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises cellulose fibers or polymeric fibers.