Picoliter droplet sample processing and deposition for mass spectrometry
Disclosed herein include systems, devices, and methods for droplet deposition for mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, a microfluidic device comprising wells is reversibly sealed to a mass spectrometry surface and used to deposit contents of droplets (e.g., enzymes and substrates), or products thereof, onto the mass spectrometry surface. The contents of droplets can be analyzed by laser desorption/ionization to, for example, identify a substrate of an enzyme or an enzyme capable of catalyzing a substrate to a product.
1. A method for screening analytes, comprising:
(a) generating a first plurality of droplets each comprising one or more first analytes and a second plurality of droplets each comprising one or more second analytes;
(b) distributing droplets from the first plurality of droplets and the second plurality of droplets onto an array of wells in a microfluidic device, thereby loading into one, at least one, or each, of the wells of the array zero, one, or two distributed droplets;
(c) contacting a mass spectrometry (MS) surface of a mass spectrometry chip with a well-opening surface of the array of wells, thereby depositing (i) the one or more first analytes, or products thereof, if any, and (ii) the one or more second analytes, or products thereof, if any, from the zero, one, or two distributed droplets in the one, at least one, or each, of the plurality of wells onto a location on the mass spectrometry surface corresponding to the well;
(d) obtaining a mass spectrum of the one or more first analytes, or products thereof, if any, and the one or more second analytes, or products thereof, if any, deposited onto one, at least one, or each, of the locations on the mass spectrometry surface; and
(e) determining a first analyte and a second analyte are components of a reaction using a first peak, or absence thereof, corresponding to the first analyte, and/or a second peak, or absence thereof, corresponding to the second analyte in a mass spectrum of the mass spectra obtained.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein generating the first plurality of droplets comprises generating a droplet of the first plurality of droplets from a sample.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the sample comprises a clinical sample, a soil sample, an air sample, an environmental sample, a cell culture sample, a bone marrow sample, a rainfall sample, a fallout sample, a sewage sample, a ground water sample, an abrasion sample, an archaeological sample, a food sample, a blood sample, a serum sample, a plasma sample, a urine sample, a stool sample, a semen sample, a lymphatic fluid sample, a cerebrospinal fluid sample, a nasopharyngeal wash sample, a sputum sample, a mouth swab sample, a throat swab sample, a nasal swab sample, a bronchoalveolar lavage sample, a bronchial secretion sample, a milk sample, an amniotic fluid sample, a biopsy sample, a cancer sample, a tumor sample, a tissue sample, a cell sample, a cell culture sample, a cell lysate sample, a virus culture sample, a nail sample, a hair sample, a skin sample, a forensic sample, an infection sample, a nosocomial infection sample, a production sample, a drug preparation sample, a biological molecule production sample, a protein preparation sample, a lipid preparation sample, a carbohydrate preparation sample, a space sample, an extraterrestrial sample or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the array of wells is positioned with the well-opening surface facing down, and wherein the mass spectrometry chip is positioned with mass spectrometry surface facing up.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein distributing the droplets from the first plurality of droplets onto the array of wells comprises flowing the first plurality of droplets in a carrier fluid through a channel formed by a space between the well-opening surface of the array of wells and the mass spectrometry surface, and wherein distributing the droplets from the second plurality of droplets onto the array of wells comprises flowing the second plurality of droplets in a carrier fluid through the channel formed by the space between the well-opening surface of the array of wells and the mass spectrometry surface.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: generating a mixture of the first plurality of droplets and the second plurality of droplets, wherein the droplets from the first plurality of droplets and the droplets form the second plurality of droplets are loaded into the array of wells together by distributing onto the array of wells the mixture of the first plurality of droplets and the second plurality of droplets.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets from the first plurality of droplets and the droplets form the second plurality of droplets are loaded into wells of the array of wells sequentially.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein one, at least one, or each, of the wells of the array is sized and/or shaped to capture
(i) at most one of the droplets from the first plurality of droplets, and
(ii) at most one of the droplets from the second plurality of droplets when the droplet from the first plurality of droplets is captured in the well of the array.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the droplets from the first plurality of droplets are larger than the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, and wherein distributing the droplets from the first plurality of droplets occurs before distributing the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, thereby one, at least one, or each, of the wells of the array comprises: (i) none of the droplets from the first plurality of droplets and none of the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, (ii) one of the droplets from the first plurality of droplets and none of the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, (iii) one of the droplets from the first plurality of droplets and one of the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, or (iv) at least one of the droplets from the second plurality of droplets.
10. The method of claim 1 , comprising merging one droplet from the first plurality of droplets and one droplet from the second plurality of droplets in the well where the two droplets are introduced into.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein merging the one droplet from the first plurality of droplets and the one droplet from the second plurality of droplets in the well where the two droplets are introduced into comprises applying a voltage.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the side of the array of wells opposite of the well-opening surface of the array of wells is in contact with an additional layer, and wherein merging the one droplet from the first plurality of droplets and the one droplet from the second plurality of droplets in the well where the two droplets are introduced into comprises applying a voltage to the additional layer.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein merging the one droplet from the first plurality of droplets and the one droplet from the second plurality of droplets in the well where the two droplets are introduced into comprises applying a voltage to the mass spectrometry chip.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the well-opening surface of the array of wells with the mass spectrometry surface comprises sealing the well-opening surface of the array of wells with the mass spectrometry surface via a reversible sealing mechanism.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets from the first and/or second plurality of droplets rise or sink via buoyancy from the space between the well-opening surface of the array of wells and the mass spectrometry surface into the wells.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein distributing droplets from the first and/or second plurality of droplets comprises randomly distributing the droplets onto the array of wells.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more first analytes from the first plurality of droplets, the one or more second analytes from the second plurality of droplets, or both, comprise a protein, a polypeptide, a peptide, a nucleic acid, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a small molecule drug, a cell, or any combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets from the first plurality of droplets, the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, or both are in a solvent-in-oil emulsion.
19. The method of claim 18 , comprising evaporating the solvent, the oil, and/or the carrier fluid from the mass spectrometry surface.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets from the first plurality of droplets, the droplets from the second plurality of droplets, or both comprise a detectable barcode that identifies the one or more first or second analytes in a given droplet.