Self-referencing sensor for chemical detection
Provided herein is a sensing apparatus comprising, at least one LSPR light source, at least one detector, and at least one sensor for LSPR detection of a target chemical. The sensor comprises a substantially transparent, porous membrane having nanoparticles immobilized on the surface of its pores, the nanoparticles being functionalized with one or more capture molecules. There is further provided a self-referencing sensor for distinguishing non-specific signals from analyte binding signals. The self-referencing sensor comprising one or more nanoparticles having at least two distinct LSPR signals.
1. An LSPR apparatus comprising:
at least one self-referencing sensor for detection of an analyte binding signal and simultaneous detection of non-specific signals comprising one or more types of nanoparticles, wherein the one or more types of nanoparticles are configured to simultaneously emit at least two distinct LSPR signals comprising a first LSPR analyte signal and at least a second LSPR reference signal, wherein at least one nanoparticle type of the one or more types of nanoparticles includes a capture molecule to bind to an analyte resulting in the first LSPR analyte signal;
a light source;
a detector for simultaneous detection of the first LSPR analyte signal and the second LSPR reference signal in response to light from the light source interacting with the at least one self-referencing sensor; and
a signal processor in operative communication with the detector to receive the first LSPR analyte signal and the second LSPR reference signal, calculate a difference in a resulting optical spectrum change between the first LSPR analyte signal and the second LSPR reference signal to distinguish the first LSPR analyte signal from non-specific signals comprising the second LSPR reference signal, and to select an output based on the difference in the resulting optical spectrum change between the first LSPR analyte signal and the second LSPR reference signal.
2. An LSPR apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the self-referencing sensor is substantially transparent and is disposed between the light source and apparatus such that the LSPR signal is detected in transmission mode.
3. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein there is one type of nanoparticle configured to simultaneously emit at least two distinct LSPR signals.
4. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein there are two or more types of nanoparticles and each type of nanoparticle has a distinct LSPR signal that can be distinguished from the LSPR signal of each other type of nanoparticle.
5. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 4 wherein one of the nanoparticle types is functionalized with a capture molecule.
6. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 4 wherein each nanoparticle type is functionalized with a capture molecule.
7. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 6 wherein each nanoparticle type is functionalized with the same capture molecule.
8. A self-referencing sensor according to claim 4 comprising three or more nanoparticle types, wherein at least one nanoparticle type is not functionalized or is functionalized with a blocking molecule and wherein each remaining nanoparticle type is functionalized with a different capture molecule.
9. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are immobilized on one or more substrates.
10. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are in solution.
11. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension.
12. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are a metal, metal coating a second metal or a metal coating a non-metal particle and wherein the metal is gold, silver, platinum, palladium or copper.
13. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are gold.
14. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are spheres, rods, urchins, stars, rice, plates, decahedrons, hexagons, prisms, shells, platelets, triangles, cubes, cages, bipyramids or a mixture thereof.
15. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 4 wherein at least one of the nanoparticles types is functionalized with a blocking molecule which blocks binding of an analyte.
16. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the capture molecule is the surface of the nanoparticle.
17. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 1 wherein the capture molecule is an aptamer, antibody, nucleic acid, protein, small molecule or polymer.
18. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 9 wherein the nanoparticles are immobilized onto a single substrate.
19. The self-referencing sensor according to claim 18 wherein the self-referencing sensor has more than one nanoparticle type and the nanoparticle types are immobilized onto the same or different regions of the substrate.