Rechargeable battery with resistive layer for enhanced safety
An improved high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery with an anode energy layer, a cathode energy layer, a separator between the anode and cathode energy layers for preventing internal discharge thereof, and at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, includes a resistive layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors for limiting the rate of internal discharge through the failed separator in the event of separator failure. The resistive layer has a fixed resistivity at temperatures between a preferred temperature range and an upper temperature safety limit for operating the battery. The resistive layer serves to avoid temperatures in excess of the upper temperature safety limit in the event of separator failure in the battery, and a fixed resistivity of the resistive layer is greater than the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
1. A high energy density rechargeable (HEDR) battery comprising:
an anode energy layer;
a cathode energy layer;
a separator between the anode energy layer and the cathode energy layer for preventing internal discharge thereof;
at least one current collector for transferring electrons to and from either the anode or cathode energy layer, the anode and cathode energy layers each having an internal resistivity, the HEDR battery having a preferred temperature range for discharging electric current and an upper temperature safety limit; and
a resistive layer interposed between the separator and one of the current collectors, the resistive layer configured to limit the rate of internal discharge through the separator in the event of separator failure and the generation of joule heat resulting therefrom, the resistive layer having a fixed resistivity at temperatures between the preferred temperature range and the upper temperature safety limit, the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer being greater than the internal resistivity of either energy layer, the resistive layer for avoiding temperatures in excess of the upper temperature safety limit in the event of separator failure.
2. The HEDR battery of claim 1 wherein the resistive layer is porous and comprises:
a ceramic powder defining an interstitial space;
a binder for partially filling the interstitial space for binding the ceramic powder; and
a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting resistivity to the resistive layer, the interstitial space remaining partially unfilled for imparting porosity and permeability to the resistive layer.
3. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer is compressed to reduce the unfilled interstitial space and increase the binding of the ceramic powder by the binder.
4. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer comprises greater than 30% ceramic powder by weight.
5. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer comprises greater than 50% ceramic powder by weight.
6. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer comprises greater than 70% ceramic powder by weight.
7. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer comprises greater than 75% ceramic powder by weight.
8. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer comprises greater than 80% ceramic powder by weight.
9. The HEDR battery of claim 2 wherein the resistive layer is permeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
10. The HEDR battery of claim 1 wherein the resistive layer is non-porous and has a composition comprising:
a non-conductive filler;
a binder for binding the non-conductive filler; and
a conductive component dispersed within the binder for imparting resistivity to the resistive layer.
11. The HEDR battery of claim 10 wherein the resistive layer is impermeable to transport of ionic charge carriers.
12. The HEDR battery of claim 1 wherein the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer is at least twice as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
13. The HEDR battery of claim 12 wherein the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer is at least five times as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
14. The HEDR battery of claim 12 wherein the fixed resistivity of the resistive layer is at least ten times as great as the internal resistivity of either energy layer.
15. The HEDR battery of claim 1 wherein the resistive layer lacks a physical phase transformation at temperatures between the preferred temperature range and the upper temperature safety limit for transforming the resistivity of the resistive layer.
16. The HEDR battery of claim 15 wherein the resistive layer lacks a transformation from solid phase to non-solid phase for transforming the resistivity of the resistive layer from low resistivity to high resistivity at temperatures between the maximum operating temperature and the upper temperature safety limit.
17. The HEDR battery of claim 1 wherein the resistive layer is non-sacrificial at temperatures below the upper temperature safety limit.
18. The HEDR battery of claim 17 wherein the resistive layer is sacrificial at temperatures above the upper temperature safety limit.
19. The HEDR battery of claim 18 wherein the resistive layer comprises a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a fire retardant gas.
20. The HEDR battery of claim 18 wherein the resistive layer comprises a ceramic powder that chemically decomposes above the upper temperature safety limit for evolving a gas for delaminating the current collector from the resistive layer.