Energy-harvesting chromogenic devices
The present disclosure relates to devices that include a perovskite, where, when a first condition is met, at least a portion of the perovskite is in a first phase that substantially transmits light, when a second condition is met, at least a portion of the perovskite is in a second phase that substantially absorbs light, and the perovskite is reversibly switchable between the first phase and the second phase by reversibly switching between the first condition and the second condition.
1. A thermochromic window comprising:
a perovskite laver comprising (NH 2 CHNH 3 ) 1-a Cs a Pb 1-m-n Sn m Bi n I 3-x X′ x ; and
a triggering molecule, wherein:
each of a, m, and n are between zero and 1.0, inclusively,
X′ comprises at least one of a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or a vacancy,
x is between zero and 3.0, inclusively,
when a first condition is met, at least a portion of the perovskite is in a first phase that substantially transmits light,
when a second condition is met, at least a portion of the perovskite is in a second phase that substantially absorbs light, and
the perovskite is reversibly switchable between the first phase and the second phase by reversibly switching between the first condition and the second condition.
2. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein the first phase comprises a first crystal system selected from the group consisting of triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic.
3. The thermochromic window of claim 2 , wherein the second phase comprises a second crystal system selected from the group consisting of triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic.
4. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein:
the first phase comprises an orthorhombic crystal system, and
the second phase comprises a cubic crystal system.
5. The thermochromic window of claim 3 , wherein:
the first phase comprises a first crystal system having a first symmetry, and
the second phase comprises a second crystal system having a second symmetry.
6. The thermochromic window of claim 5 , wherein the first symmetry is selected from the group consisting of P222, Pmm2, Pm-3m, Pba2, Cmca, Cmmm, Imma, pnma, Amm2, P6, P2n3, I432, P 4/m 3 2/m, and F 2/d 3.
7. The thermochromic window of claim 6 , wherein the second symmetry is selected from the group consisting of P222, Pmm2, Pm-3m, Pba2, Cmca, Cmmm, Imma, pnma, Amm2, P6, P2n3, I432, P 4/m 3 2/m, and F 2/d 3.
8. The thermochromic window of claim 7 , wherein:
the first crystal system and the second crystal system are both substantially orthorhombic,
the first symmetry is Amm2, and
the second symmetry is Pmnb.
9. The thermochromic window of claim 7 , wherein:
the first crystal system is orthorhombic,
the second crystal system is cubic,
the first symmetry is Pmnb, and
the second symmetry is Pm-3m.
10. The thermochromic window of claim 7 , wherein:
the first crystal system is orthorhombic,
the second crystal system is cubic,
the first symmetry is puma, and
the second symmetry is P2n3.
11. The thermochromic window of claim 7 wherein:
the first crystal system is hexagonal,
the second crystal system is selected from the group consisting of tetragonal and trigonal,
the first symmetry is P6, and
the second symmetry is selected from the group consisting of I432, P 4/m 3 2/m, and F2/d3.
12. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein, when the second condition is met, at least a portion of the light absorbed by the perovskite is converted to a current.
13. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , further comprising, when the first condition is met, a portion of light is absorbed by the perovskite and converted to a current.
14. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein:
the perovskite comprises at least one of ABX 3 , ABX 4 , A 2 BX 6 , or A′ 2 A″ n-1 B n X 3n+1 ,
A, A′, and A″ comprise a first cation,
A′ is different than A″,
B comprises a second cation that is different from A, A′, and A″, and
X comprises an anion.
15. The thermochromic window of claim 14 , wherein the perovskite comprises ABX 3 , wherein the first cation comprises cesium, the second cation comprises lead, and the anion comprises at least one of iodine or bromine.
16. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite comprises CsPbI 2 Br.
17. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein the first condition is achieved when the perovskite attains a first temperature below 200° C.
18. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein the second condition is achieved when the perovskite attains a second temperature above 15° C.
19. A method comprising:
reversibly switching a perovskite layer between a first phase and a second phase by manipulating a condition of the perovskite layer wherein:
the perovskite layer comprises:
(NH 2 CHNH 3 ) 1-a Cs a Pb 1-m-n Sn m Bi n I 3-x X′ x , wherein:
each of a, m, and n are between zero and 1.0, inclusively,
X′ comprises at least one of a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or a vacancy, and
x is between zero and 3.0, inclusively,
the reversible switching between the first phase and the second phase is achieved by the reversible transport of a triggering molecule into and out of the perovskite layer,
when in the first phase, the perovskite layer is substantially transparent to light in the visible spectrum, and
when in the second phase, the perovskite layer absorbs at least a portion of light in the visible spectrum.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the condition comprises at least one of a temperature, a voltage, or a pressure.
21. The thermochromic window of claim 1 , wherein the triggering molecule comprises at least one of water or an organic molecule.