Building HVAC system with multi-level model predictive control
A heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building includes HVAC equipment configured to provide heating or cooling to one or more building spaces and one or more controllers. The one or more controllers include one or more processing circuits configured to generate energy targets for the one or more building spaces using a thermal capacitance of the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the HVAC equipment, generate setpoints for the HVAC equipment using the energy targets for the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the HVAC equipment, and operate the HVAC equipment using the setpoints to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces.
1. A heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building, the HVAC system comprising:
HVAC equipment configured to provide heating or cooling to one or more building spaces;
one or more controllers comprising one or more processing circuits configured to:
generate energy targets for the one or more building spaces using a heat transfer model defining a relationship between the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, a temperature of the one or more building spaces predicted to result from the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, and a thermal capacitance of the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the HVAC equipment;
generate setpoints for the HVAC equipment using the energy targets for the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the HVAC equipment; and
operate the HVAC equipment using the setpoints to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces.
2. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein:
the energy targets comprise amounts of thermal energy to be added to the one or more building spaces or removed from the one or more building spaces by the HVAC equipment at each of a plurality of time steps in a time period; and
the one or more controllers are configured to use the amounts of thermal energy to be added or removed by the HVAC equipment as a constraint when generating the setpoints for the HVAC equipment.
3. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the HVAC equipment comprise one or more indoor variable refrigerant flow (VRF) units and the setpoints comprise at least one of:
refrigerant flow setpoints for the one or more indoor VRF units; or
temperature setpoints for the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the one or more indoor VRF units.
4. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to generate the energy targets using an airside power consumption model defining a relationship between:
the energy targets for the one or more building spaces; and
airside power consumption predicted to result from the energy targets for the one or more building spaces.
5. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to:
generate temperature profiles for the one or more building spaces predicted to result from the energy targets; and
generate the setpoints for the HVAC equipment such that the HVAC equipment operate to drive actual temperatures of the one or more building spaces toward the temperature profiles.
6. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein:
the one or more building spaces comprise a plurality of building spaces;
the HVAC equipment comprise a plurality of HVAC subsystems, each HVAC subsystem corresponding to a building space of the plurality of building spaces and configured to provide heating or cooling to the corresponding building space; and
the one or more controllers are configured to generate a plurality of energy targets, each energy target corresponding to a HVAC subsystem of the plurality of HVAC subsystems and generated based on a thermal capacitance of the building space to which the heating or cooling is provided by the corresponding HVAC subsystem.
7. The HVAC system of claim 6 , wherein the plurality of HVAC subsystems and the plurality of building spaces are located in separate buildings thermally decoupled from one another such that no direct heat exchange occurs between building spaces served by separate HVAC subsystems.
8. The HVAC system of claim 1 , wherein the HVAC equipment comprise:
one or more airside units configured to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces using a heated or chilled fluid provided as an input to the one or more airside units; and
at least one of an outdoor variable refrigerant flow (VRF) unit or a waterside system configured to provide the heated or chilled fluid to the one or more airside units.
9. The HVAC system of claim 8 , wherein the one or more controllers are configured to generate the energy targets for the one or more building spaces by determining:
an amount of thermal energy to be delivered to each of the one or more airside units at each of a plurality of time steps in a time period; and
an amount of thermal energy to be produced by at least one of the outdoor VRF unit or the waterside system at each of the plurality of time steps in the time period.
10. A method for operating a heating, ventilation, or air conditioning (HVAC) system for a building, method comprising:
generating energy targets for one or more building spaces using a heat transfer model defining a relationship between the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, a temperature of the one or more building spaces predicted to result from the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, and a thermal capacitance of the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by HVAC equipment;
generating setpoints for the HVAC equipment that provide heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces using the energy targets for the one or more building spaces; and
operating the HVAC equipment using the setpoints to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein:
the energy targets comprise amounts of thermal energy to be added to the one or more building spaces or removed from the one or more building spaces by the HVAC equipment at each of a plurality of time steps in a time period; and
the amounts of thermal energy to be added or removed by the HVAC equipment are used as a constraint when generating the setpoints for the HVAC equipment.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the HVAC equipment comprise one or more indoor variable refrigerant flow (VRF) units and the setpoints comprise at least one of:
refrigerant flow setpoints for the one or more indoor VRF units; or
temperature setpoints for the one or more building spaces to which the heating or cooling is provided by the one or more indoor VRF units.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the energy targets are generated using an airside power consumption model defining a relationship between:
the energy targets for the one or more building spaces; and
airside power consumption predicted to result from the energy targets for the one or more building spaces.
14. The method of claim 10 , comprising:
generating temperature profiles for the one or more building spaces predicted to result from the energy targets; and
generating the setpoints for the HVAC equipment such that the HVAC equipment operate to drive actual temperatures of the one or more building spaces toward the temperature profiles.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein:
the one or more building spaces comprise a plurality of building spaces;
the HVAC equipment comprise a plurality of HVAC subsystems, each HVAC subsystem corresponding to a building space of the plurality of building spaces and configured to provide heating or cooling to the corresponding building space; and
the energy targets comprise a plurality of energy targets, each energy target corresponding to a HVAC subsystem of the plurality of HVAC subsystems and generated based on a thermal capacitance of the building space to which the heating or cooling is provided by the corresponding HVAC subsystem.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the HVAC equipment comprise:
one or more airside units configured to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces using a heated or chilled fluid provided as an input to the one or more airside units; and
at least one of an outdoor variable refrigerant flow (VRF) unit or a waterside system configured to provide the heated or chilled fluid to the one or more airside units.
17. One or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations comprising:
generating energy targets for one or more building spaces using a heat transfer model defining a relationship between the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, a temperature of the one or more building spaces predicted to result from the energy targets for the one or more building spaces, and a thermal capacitance of the one or more building spaces to which heating or cooling is provided by HVAC equipment;
generating setpoints for the HVAC equipment that provide heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces using the energy targets for the one or more building spaces; and
operating the HVAC equipment using the setpoints to provide the heating or cooling to the one or more building spaces.