Nickel alloys for biosensors
The present disclosure relates to metal alloys for biosensors. An electrode is made from the metal alloy, which more specifically can be a nickel-based alloy. The alloy provides physical and electrical property advantages when compared with existing pure metal electrodes.
1. A metal alloy comprised in a thin-film electrode of a biosensor for measuring an analyte in a biological fluid, the metal alloy of the electrode comprising:
nickel; and
a first alloying element, wherein the first alloying element is selected from the group consisting of: chromium, aluminum, gold, molybdenum, ruthenium, and tantalum.
2. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 20 at % to about 95 at % nickel.
3. The alloy of claim 2 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 5 at % to about 80 at % of the first alloying element.
4. The alloy of claim 2 , wherein the metal alloy is a ternary alloy further comprising a second alloying element, wherein the first alloying element and the second alloying element are each selected from the group consisting of aluminum, ruthenium, and tantalum, and titanium, and together the first alloying element and the second alloying element comprise from about 5 at % to about 80 at % of the metal alloy.
5. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 55 at % to about 95 at % nickel.
6. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 55 at % to about 65 at % nickel.
7. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 65 at % to about 85 at % nickel.
8. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 75 at % to about 95 at % nickel.
9. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 85 at % to about 95 at % nickel.
10. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy is a binary alloy consisting essentially of (a) about 55 at % to about 95 at % nickel and (b) about 5 at % to about 45 at % of either aluminum, chromium, tantalum, or ruthenium.
11. The alloy of claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy is a binary alloy consisting essentially of (a) about 45 at % to about 95 at % nickel and (b) about 5 at % to about 55 at % of ruthenium.
12. A biosensor that measures an analyte in a biological fluid, comprising:
a metal alloy is nickel and a first alloying element; and
the first alloying element is selected from the group consisting of chromium, aluminum, gold, molybdenum, ruthenium, and tantalum.
13. The biosensor of claim 12 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 20 at % to about 95 at % nickel.
14. The biosensor of claim 12 , wherein the metal alloy comprises from about 55 at % to about 95 at % of the first alloying element.
15. The biosensor of claim 12 , wherein the metal alloy is a ternary alloy further comprising a second alloying element, wherein the first alloying element and the second alloying element are each selected from the group consisting of aluminum, ruthenium, tantalum, and together the first alloying element and the second alloying element comprise from about 45 at % to about 80 at % of the metal alloy.
16. The biosensor of claim 15 , wherein the metal alloy is a quaternary alloy further comprising a third alloying element, wherein the first alloying element, the second alloying element, and the third alloying element are each selected from the group consisting of aluminum, chromium, ruthenium, tantalum, and titanium, and together with the first alloying element, the second alloying element, and the third alloying element comprise from about 45 at % to 80 at %.
17. The biosensor of claim 12 , wherein the metal alloy is a binary alloy consisting essentially of (a) about 55 at % to about 95 at % nickel and (b) about 5 at % to about 45 at % of either aluminum, chromium, tantalum, or ruthenium.
18. The biosensor of claim 12 , wherein the metal alloy is a binary alloy consisting essentially of (a) about 45 at % to about 95 at % nickel and (b) about 5 at % to about 55 at % of ruthenium.