Conversion of nitrogen dioxide (NO
Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a receptacle that includes an inlet and an outlet, the inlet configured to introduce a flow of a nitrogen dioxide-containing gas into the receptacle; and
a surface-active material wetted with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant configured to convert nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide disposed within the receptacle, the outlet configured to allow a flow of nitric oxide-containing gas to exit the receptacle.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface-active material is saturated with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface-active material comprises a substrate that retains water.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface-active material comprises a silica gel.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface-active material is prepared by soaking the surface-active material in a solution of ascorbic acid in water and air drying the surface-active material before inserting the surface-active material into the receptacle.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the surface-active material is prepared by soaking the surface-active material in a solution of ascorbic acid in water and drying the surface-active material with a gas before inserting the surface-active material into the receptacle.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a vessel containing at least one of dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen dioxide, an opening of the vessel configured to allow nitrogen dioxide to diffuse into a flow of air, the vessel fluidically coupled to the receptacle such that the flow of nitrogen dioxide-containing gas originates, at least partially, from the vessel.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising a heat source configured to control a temperature of the vessel and thereby control a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution of the antioxidant includes at least one of vitamin C or vitamin E.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution of the antioxidant is a saturated solution of ascorbic acid.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution of the antioxidant includes at least one of ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, or gamma tocopherol.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material includes at least one of cotton or glass wool.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a source of nitrogen dioxide fluidically coupled to the inlet of the receptacle.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a tankless source of nitrogen dioxide fluidically coupled to the inlet of the receptacle.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outlet of the receptacle is configured to be fluidically coupled to a ventilator such that the ventilator can deliver nitric oxide to a patient.
16. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein receptacle is configured such that the aqueous solution of the antioxidant converts the nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature.
17. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a sensor configured to produce a warning when a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitric oxide-containing gas exceeds a threshold value.
18. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material is porous with a mesh size between 35 and 70.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the surface-active-material includes silica gel; and
the aqueous solution of the antioxidant includes ascorbic acid.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the receptacle is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the receptacle via the inlet.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the receptacle is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the cartridge via the inlet; and
the receptacle is disposable.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the receptacle is configured to be coupled to a system that includes a pump configured to supply air to the cartridge;
the system is tankless and portable; and
the system includes a sensor downstream of the outlet of the receptacle, the sensor configured to produce an alarm based on a detection of nitrogen dioxide.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution of the antioxidant is nontoxic.
24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the receptacle is configured to remove all nitrogen dioxide from the nitrogen dioxide-containing gas.
25. An apparatus, comprising:
a vessel containing dinitrogen tetroxide, an opening of the vessel configured to allow nitrogen dioxide to diffuse into an air flow; and
a receptacle fluidically coupled to the vessel such that the receptacle is configured to receive the air flow, including the nitrogen dioxide that diffused from the vessel, the receptacle including a surface-active material wetted with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant such that the receptacle is configured to convert the nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide.
26. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising an air pump coupled to the receptacle and configured to generate the air flow.
27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the air pump is portable.
28. The apparatus of claim 25 further comprising an oxygen-enrichment device coupled to the vessel and configured to supply oxygen into the air flow before the air flow reaches the opening of the vessel.
29. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the receptacle is a first receptacle, the apparatus further comprising a second receptacle fluidically coupled to an outlet of the first receptacle such that the second receptacle can receive the air flow exiting from the first receptacle, the second receptacle including a second surface-active material configured to convert the nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature.
30. The apparatus of claim 29 , wherein the second receptacle is configured to deliver the air flow to a mammal, the apparatus further comprising a flexible bag operable to inflate and deflate as the mammal breathes, the second receptacle positioned between the flexible bag and an interface configured to deliver the air flow directly to the mammal.
31. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the receptacle is a first receptacle, the apparatus further comprising a second receptacle fluidically coupled to an outlet of the first receptacle such that the second receptacle can receive the air flow exiting from the first receptacle, the second receptacle including activated alumina configured to trap the nitrogen dioxide.
32. The apparatus of claim 31 , wherein the activated alumina is configured to trap the nitrogen dioxide at ambient temperature.
33. The apparatus of claim 25 , wherein the surface-active material wetted with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant is configured to convert the nitrogen dioxide at ambient temperature.
34. The apparatus of claim 25 , further comprising a heat source configured to control a temperature of the vessel and thereby control a concentration of nitrogen dioxide that is diffused into the air flow.