Method of making nanomaterials from a renewable carbon source
This patent disclosure includes a process that uniquely and unexpectedly results in the production of extremely high specific surface area and large pore volume carbon nanomaterial with high content of sp2 hybridized carbon-carbon in the form of nanosheets from a renewable carbonaceous raw material. The resulting nanomaterial is in particulate form or porous nanomaterial or dispersed in solvent. This process can also be used to produce carbon nanosheet on substrates or form a nanocomposite with other materials that results in exceptional properties.
1. A process for making a nanocomposite material, said process comprising:
combining a renewable carbohydrate source with a dehydration solution and a catalyst chosen from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, LiAlH 4 , nickel, yeast, aluminum-nickel alloy, cobalt, B 2 H 6 , zinc, NaBH 4 , and copper to obtain a reaction mixture, where the dehydration solution has a hydrogen ions concentration of at least approximately 1%;
heating the reaction mixture to remove glycosidic linkages and water molecules from the carbohydrate thereby producing an intermediate mixture with a fused sheet-like morphology;
heating the intermediate mixture in the presence of gaseous hydrogen at a temperature in the range of approximately 500 to 1500° C. to form a carbon nanosheet material in the form of a powder; and
providing the carbon nanosheet material to a polymer to obtain the nanocomposite material.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the amount of carbon nanosheet material provided to the polymer is about 0.1-40.0 weight %.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is rubber.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is high density polyethylene or polypropylene.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein said carbohydrate source comprises yam root extract, potatoes root extract, cassava root extract, cassava root flour, tapioca flour, dried cassava root pulp, dried and fried cassava root flakes, sugarcane extract, sugar beet root extract, sucrose, rice grain, corn, or wheat grain.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the renewable carbohydrate source is provided soaked with or dissolved in a solvent chosen from the group consisting of distilled water, deionized water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the dehydration solution is chosen from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and nitric acid.
8. The process of claim 1 , further comprising the step of removing the dehydration solution by washing and diluting with excess distilled or deionized water prior to further heating of the intermediate mixture.
9. The process of claim 1 , further comprising the step of removing said catalyst by washing, filtering, magnetic separation, sonication, sieving, or centrifugation prior to further heating of the intermediate mixture.
10. The process of claim 1 , further comprising, prior to further heating the intermediate mixture, drying the intermediate mixture to produce an intermediate mixture in form of a powder.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein said hydrogen is provided in combination with an inert gas comprising argon, helium, or nitrogen.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate mixture is heated to a temperature of approximately 45 to 1050° C.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the nanocomposite material comprises the carbon nanosheet material in an amount of about 0.1-40.0 weight %.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon nanosheet material has a specific surface area of at least 2496 m 2 /g and pore volume of at least 3.6 cc/g.
15. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon nanosheet material has a specific surface area of up to 2956 m 2 /g.
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon nanosheet material has a pore volume of up to 5.0 cc/g.
17. The process of claim 13 , wherein the carbon nanosheet material has a specific surface area of up to 2956 m 2 /g and a pore volume of up to 5.0 cc/g.
18. A process for making a nanocomposite material, said process comprising:
combining a renewable carbohydrate source with a dehydration solution and a catalyst to obtain a reaction mixture, where
the dehydration solution has a hydrogen ions concentration of at least approximately 1%, and
the catalyst is chosen from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, LiAlH4, nickel, yeast, aluminum-nickel alloy, cobalt, B2H6, zinc, NaBH4, and copper;
heating the reaction mixture to remove glycosidic linkages and water molecules from the carbohydrate thereby producing an intermediate mixture with sheet-like morphology;
further heating the intermediate mixture in inert gas to form a network of the carbon nanosheet material, wherein the carbon nanosheet material is in a particulate form, porous foam form, or dispersed in a solvent; and
providing the carbon nanosheet material to a polymer to obtain the nanocomposite material.