Methods and systems for forming composite fibers
Methods and systems of the present invention use cellulose-containing materials, which may include post-consumer waste garments, scrap fabric and/or various biomass materials as a raw feed material to produce isolated cellulose molecules that can be used in the textile and apparel industries, and in other industries. A multi-stage process is provided, in which cellulose-containing feed material is subjected to one or more pretreatment stages, followed by a dissolution treatment and isolation of cellulose molecules. Isolated cellulose molecules may be used in a variety of downstream applications. Methods and systems for carbonizing precursor fibers to produce carbonized fibers having desired properties and three-dimensional configurations are provided.
1. A method for producing a composite fiber comprising at least two distinct fiber components, the method comprising:
providing a dissolved cellulosic material;
providing a second dissolved material; and
producing a composite fiber by coiling the composite fiber around a rotating carbon rod with a cylindrical cross-section, the composite fiber having:
a first distinct fiber component comprising the dissolved cellulosic material, the first distinct fiber component having a first partial fiber characteristic and having a first cross-sectional shape, and
a second distinct fiber component comprising the second dissolved material, the second distinct fiber component having a second partial fiber characteristic and having a second cross-sectional shape different from the first cross-sectional shape, wherein the composite fiber has a targeted comfort and performance characteristic and a pre-determined cross-sectional shape and three-dimensional (3D) coiled configuration based on the cylindrical cross-section of the rotating carbon rod, a combination of the first partial fiber characteristic, and the first cross-sectional shape and the second partial fiber characteristic and the second cross-sectional shape.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the composite fiber is produced by coextruding the first and second distinct fiber components.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first distinct fiber component is coextruded as a core fiber and the second distinct fiber components is coextruded as a sheath fiber.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second distinct fiber component is coextruded as a core fiber and the first distinct fiber components is coextruded as a sheath fiber.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second distinct fiber components are coextruded in a side-by-side arrangement.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dissolved cellulosic material is produced by treating cellulose-containing feedstock with a dissolving agent.
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising forming a cellulose-containing solid from the cellulose-containing feedstock prior to treatment with the dissolving agent.
8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:
subjecting the cellulose-containing feedstock to at least one pretreatment stage prior to treatment with the dissolving agent; and
drying the cellulose-containing feedstock to a moisture content of less than 15% after pretreatment and prior to treatment with the dissolving agent.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the treatment with the dissolving agent occurs at 60-120° C.
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the dissolving agent comprises
Cu(NH3)4(OH2)(cuoxam); CuH2NCH2CH2NH)2(OH)2(cuen), Cupriethylenediamine (CED), Ni(NH3)6(OH)2, Cd(H2NCH2CH3NH2)3(OH)2(cadoxen);
Zn(H2NCH2CH2NH2)3(OH)2; Fe/3(tartaric acid_/3NaOH(EWNN); LiOH; Cl3CHO/DMF;
(CH2O)x/DMSO; N2O4/DMSO; Li/DMAc(N,N,-dimethylacetamide; LiCl/DMI (N,N,-dimethylimidazolindinone); SO2/amine/DMSO; CH3NH2/DMSO; CF3COOH; alkaline Xanthogenation compositions; CS2/NaOH; ZnC12 (<64%); Ca(SCN)3(>50%); Bu (4N+F
3H2O/DMSO; NH4SCN/NH3/water; CO(NH2)2(urea); H2SO4(>52%) (sulfuric acid);
[NMMO] N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide; [AMIM] Cl 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride;
[BzPy] Cl Benzylpyridinium chloride; [BMIM] Ace 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acesulphamate; [BMIM] DBP 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate;
[BMIM] Cl 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride; [BMIM]PF6 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; [BMIM]BF4 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [BMPy] Cl 1-Butyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride; [DBNH]AcO 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-enium acetate; [DBNH]EtCOO 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-enium propionate; [DMIM] DEP 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium diethylphosphate; [DMIM] DMP 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate; [EMBy] DEP 1-Ethyl-3-methylbutylpyridinium diethylphosphate;
[EMIM]AcO 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate; [EMIM]BR1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide; [EMIM] DBP 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate; [EMIM] DEP 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate;
[EMIM]DMP 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate; [EMIM]MeSO4 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulphonate; [HPy]Cl 1-Hexylpyridinium chloride;
[E(OH) MIM]AcO 1-Hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate; [DBNMe]DMP 1-Methyl-1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-enium dimethylphosphate; [P4444]OH Tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide; [TMGH]AcO 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium acetate;
[TMGH]n-PrCOO 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium butyrate; [TMGH]COO 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium formiate; [TMGH]EtCOO 1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidinium propionate; [P8881]AcO Trioctylmethylphosphonium acetate; HEMA Tris-(2-hydroxyethyl) methylammonium methylsulphate; [DBNMe]DMP 1-Methyl-1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-enium dimethylphospate; Ca, Mg, Na, K, and/or Li hydroxides;
and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 6 , wherein the cellulose-containing feedstock comprises cellulose-containing textiles and garments, post-consumer waste, or combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dissolved cellulosic material is provided by:
forming cellulose-containing solid from cellulose-containing feedstock; and
isolating cellulose molecules by treating the cellulose-containing solid with a reagent.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the forming step comprises the sub-steps comprising
removing, from the cellulose-containing feedstock, a dye, a chemical finish, a contaminant, or a combination thereof; and
pretreating the cellulose-containing feedstock with a swelling agent.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the removing step comprises treatment with an oxidative agent, a reducing agent, or both.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the swelling agent is an ionic solution.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the reagent disrupts one or more intermolecular hydrogen bonds, thereby converting the at least one cellulose-containing solid to at least one constituent cellulose polymer.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the reagent is Schweitzer's Reagent.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the forming step comprises organic solvent treatment with an organic solvent, enzymatic treatment by exposure to an enzyme, or treatment with a swelling agent.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the cellulose-containing feedstock comprises cellulose-containing textiles and garments, post-consumer waste, or combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second dissolved material is carbon-based.