Metasurfaces with light-redirecting structures including multiple materials and methods for fabricating
Display devices include waveguides with metasurfaces as in-coupling and/or out-coupling optical elements. The metasurfaces may be formed on a surface of the waveguide and may include a plurality or an array of sub-wavelength-scale (e.g., nanometer-scale) protrusions. Individual protrusions may include horizontal and/or vertical layers of different materials which may have different refractive indices, allowing for enhanced manipulation of light redirecting properties of the metasurface. Some configurations and combinations of materials may advantageously allow for broadband metasurfaces. Manufacturing methods described herein provide for vertical and/or horizontal layers of different materials in a desired configuration or profile.
1. An optical system comprising:
a waveguide;
an optical element on a surface of the waveguide, the optical element configured to redirect light having a wavelength, the optical element comprising:
a plurality of spaced-apart protrusions disposed on the waveguide, each protrusion comprising:
a first vertical layer comprising a first material;
a second vertical layer comprising a second material different from the first material; and
an intermediate vertical layer disposed between the first vertical layer and the second vertical layer, the intermediate vertical layer comprising a third material different from the first material and the second material.
2. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the optical element is a metasurface.
3. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first material and the second material have different refractive indices.
4. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate vertical layer defines a u-shaped cross-sectional profile, wherein the second material fills an interior volume of the u-shape.
5. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the intermediate vertical layer and the second vertical layer both have u-shaped cross-sectional profiles.
6. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of nanobeams and pillars.
7. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein protrusions of the plurality of protrusions are separated from each other by a sub-wavelength spacing less than the wavelength of the light.
8. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the wavelength corresponds to blue light, green light, or red light.
9. An optical system comprising:
a waveguide;
an optical element on a surface of the waveguide, the optical element configured to redirect light having a wavelength, the optical element comprising:
a plurality of protrusions disposed on the waveguide, each protrusion comprising:
a lower horizontal layer on the waveguide, the lower horizontal layer comprising a first material;
an upper horizontal layer on the lower horizontal layer, the upper horizontal layer comprising a second material different from the first material; and
an intermediate horizontal layer disposed between the upper layer and the lower layer, the intermediate layer comprising a third material different from the first material and the second material.
10. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein the optical element comprises a metasurface.
11. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein the first material and the second material have different refractive indices.
12. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of protrusions comprises at least one of nanobeams and pillars.
13. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein protrusions of the plurality of protrusions are separated from each other by a sub-wavelength spacing less than the wavelength of the light.
14. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein the wavelength corresponds to blue light, green light, or red light.
15. The optical system of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the first material and the second material comprises a sulfur compound.
16. The optical system of claim 15 , wherein the sulfur compound is molybdenum sulfide.