Off-axis display device
A switchable backlight for a switchable privacy display apparatus comprises a collimated backlight arranged to provide two off-axis beams and at least one polar control liquid crystal retarder arranged between parallel polarisers. The alignment layers of the liquid crystal retarder are rotated with respect to the electric vector transmission direction of the polarisers. In use in the centre stack of a vehicle, in one mode of operation high image luminance and high image visibility is provided for the passenger while the image is invisible to the driver. In another mode of operation an image is provided to the driver with low stray light to the passenger for night time operation. In a third mode of operation both passenger and driver can see an image with high luminance and image visibility.
1. A display device comprising:
a spatial light modulator arranged to output spatially modulated light;
a display polariser arranged on a side of the spatial light modulator, the display polariser being a linear polariser;
an additional polariser arranged on the same side of the spatial light modulator as the display polariser, the additional polariser being a linear polariser; and
at least one polar control retarder arranged between the display polariser and the additional polariser, wherein the at least one polar control retarder comprises:
a switchable liquid crystal retarder comprising a layer of liquid crystal material and two surface alignment layers disposed adjacent to the layer of liquid crystal material and on opposite sides thereof, wherein at least one of the surface alignment layers has a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and the additional polariser in at least part of the display device.
2. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display polariser and the additional polariser have electric vector transmission directions that are parallel.
3. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein one of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, said one of the surface alignment layers having said pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and the additional polariser in at least part of the display device.
4. A display device according to claim 3 , wherein the other of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.
5. A display device according to claim 4 , wherein the display polariser and the additional polariser have electric vector transmission directions that are parallel, and the other of the surface alignment layers has said pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is parallel or orthogonal to the electric vector transmission directions of the display polariser and the additional polariser.
6. A display device according to claim 3 , wherein the other of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homogeneous alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material.
7. A display device according to claim 4 , wherein the other of the surface alignment layers has said pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and the additional polariser in at least part of the display device.
8. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein each of the surface alignment layers is arranged to provide homeotropic alignment in the adjacent liquid crystal material, said surface alignment layers having said pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and the additional polariser in at least part of the display device.
9. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein each of the surface alignment layers has a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of at least one of the display polariser and the additional polariser in at least part of the display device.
10. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one polar control retarder further includes at least one passive compensation retarder.
11. A display device according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one passive compensation retarder comprises a passive compensation retarder having its optical axis perpendicular to the plane of the retarder.
12. A display device according to claim 10 , wherein the at least one passive compensation retarder comprises a pair of passive compensation retarders which have optical axes in the plane of the retarders that are crossed.
13. A display device according to claim 12 , wherein the angle between the optical axes is bisected by the electric vector transmission direction of at least one of the display polariser and additional polariser.
14. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one of the surface alignment layers has a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at the same acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of the display polariser and the additional polariser at all positions across the surface alignment layer.
15. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one of the surface alignment layers has a pretilt having a pretilt direction with a component in the plane of the layer of liquid crystal material that is at an acute non-zero angle to the electric vector transmission directions of the display polariser and the additional polariser that varies monotonically along a predetermined axis across the surface alignment layer in at least part of the display device.
16. A display device according to claim 15 , wherein said acute non-zero angle has an acute non-zero average value.
17. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein said display polariser is an output display polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator.
18. A display device according to claim 17 , wherein there is not a reflective polariser arranged between the output display polariser and the at least one polar control retarder.
19. A display device according to claim 17 , further comprising a reflective polariser arranged between the output polariser and the at least one polar control retarder, the reflective polariser being a linear polariser arranged to pass the same linearly polarised polarisation component as the output polariser.
20. A display device according to claim 17 , wherein the spatial light modulator comprises an emissive spatial light modulator arranged to emit the spatially modulated light.
21. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device further comprises a backlight arranged to output light, and wherein the spatial light modulator comprises a transmissive spatial light modulator arranged to receive and spatially modulate the output light from the backlight.
22. A display device according to claim 1 , wherein the display device further comprises a backlight arranged to output light, and wherein the spatial light modulator comprises a transmissive spatial light modulator arranged to receive and spatially modulate the output light from the backlight and said display polariser is an input display polariser arranged on the input side of the spatial light modulator.
23. A display device according to claim 22 , further comprising:
an output display polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator;
a further additional polariser arranged on the output side of the spatial light modulator, the further additional polariser being a linear polariser having an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission directions of the display polariser and the additional polariser; and
at least one further polar control retarder arranged between the further additional polariser and the output display polariser.
24. A display device according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a further additional polariser arranged on the same side of the spatial light modulator as the additional polariser outside the additional polariser, the further additional polariser being a linear polariser having an electric vector transmission direction that is parallel to the electric vector transmission directions of the display polariser and the additional polariser; and
at least one further polar control retarder arranged between the additional polariser and the further additional polariser.
25. A display device according to claim 21 , wherein the backlight comprises:
at least one first light source arranged to provide input light;
at least one second light source arranged to provide input light in an opposite direction from the at least one first light source;
a waveguide arrangement comprising at least one waveguide, the waveguide arrangement being arranged to receive the input light from the at least one first light source and the at least one second light source and to cause light from the at least one first light source and the at least one second light source to exit from the waveguide arrangement by breaking total internal reflection; and
an optical turning film component comprising:
an input surface arranged to receive the light exiting from a waveguide through a light guiding surface of the waveguide by breaking total internal reflection, the input surface extending across the plane; and
an output surface facing the input surface, wherein the input surface comprises an array of elongate prismatic elements.
26. A display device according to claim 25 , wherein the waveguide arrangement comprises:
a waveguide extending across a plane and comprising:
first and second opposed light guiding surfaces arranged to guide light along the optical waveguide, the second light guiding surface being arranged to guide light by total internal reflection, and
first and second input ends arranged between the first and second light guiding surfaces and extending in a lateral direction between the first and second light guiding surfaces;
wherein the at least one first light source is arranged to input light into the waveguide through the first input end and the at least one second light source is arranged to input light into the waveguide through the second input end, and
the waveguide is arranged to cause light from the at least one first light source and the at least one second light source to exit from the waveguide through one of the first and second light guiding surfaces by breaking total internal reflection.
27. A display device according to claim 25 , wherein the waveguide arrangement comprises:
a first waveguide extending across a plane and comprising
first and second opposed light guiding surfaces arranged to guide light along the optical waveguide, the second light guiding surface being arranged to guide light by total internal reflection; and
a first input end arranged between the first and second light guiding surfaces and extending in a lateral direction between the first and second light guiding surfaces;
wherein the at least one first light source is arranged to input light into the first waveguide through the first input end, and the first waveguide is arranged to cause light from the at least one first light source to exit from the first waveguide through one of the first and second light guiding surface by breaking total internal reflection;
a second waveguide extending across the plane arranged in series with the first waveguide and comprising
first and second opposed light guiding surfaces arranged to guide light along the optical waveguide, the second light guiding surface being arranged to guide light by total internal reflection, and
a second input end arranged between the first and second light guiding surfaces and extending in a lateral direction between the first and second light guiding surfaces;
wherein the at least one second light source is arranged to input light into the second waveguide through the second input end, and the second waveguide is arranged to cause light from the at least one second light source to exit from the second waveguide through one of the first and second light guiding surfaces by breaking total internal reflection, and
wherein the first and second waveguides are oriented so that at least one first light source and at least one second light source input light into the first and second waveguides in opposite directions.
28. A display device according to claim 25 , wherein the prismatic elements each comprise a pair of elongate facets defining a ridge therebetween.
29. A display device according to claim 28 , wherein the ridges extend across the plane at non-zero angles to the lateral direction.
30. A display device according to claim 28 , wherein the ridges extend across the plane parallel to the lateral direction.