Additive manufacturing techniques using noble metals and/or copper metal and related methods and compositions
Methods of additive manufacturing using noble metals and/or copper metal, and binder compositions for use during the additive manufacturing methods, are generally described. In some instances, the methods of additive manufacturing include de-binding (and in some cases sintering steps) that afford metal-based composites, de-bound metal structures, and metal objects containing noble metals (e.g., silver, gold, platinum) and/or copper that have improved properties, such as relatively high densities. In certain aspects, combinations of certain metal powders (e.g., noble metal and/or copper powders) with certain binder compositions may result in improved properties of resulting metal objects produced by the additive manufacturing process, such as relatively low surface roughnesses. The binder compositions described may include a low molecular weight polymer (e.g., including an acrylic acid repeat unit) and, in some cases, a cross-linking agent.
1. A method of additive manufacturing a metal-based composite structure by binder jet printing, the method comprising:
depositing a first layer of metal powder, the metal powder comprising a noble metal and/or copper;
depositing a binder composition on at least a portion of the first layer of metal powder, the binder composition comprising a solution of water and a polymer dissolved in the water, the polymer including an acrylic acid repeat unit that makes up greater than or equal to 30 mol % of the repeat units within the polymer, wherein the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 500 Da and less than or equal to 40 kDa, and wherein the wt % of the polymer in the binder composition is greater than or equal to 1 wt % and less than or equal to 40 wt %; and
curing the deposited binder composition and the deposited first layer of the metal powder by cross-linking at least the polymer of the binder composition deposited on the first layer of the metal powder, thereby forming a metal-based composite structure.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises a noble metal.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises silver metal and/or a silver alloy.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises sterling silver.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises platinum metal and/or a platinum alloy.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises gold metal and/or a gold alloy.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal powder comprises copper metal and/or a copper alloy.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 500 Da and less than or equal to 7.5 kDa.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wt % of the polymer in the binder composition is greater than or equal to 5 wt % and less than or equal to 40 wt %.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the drying and/or cross linking curing step comprises heating the metal-based composite structure in an inert or oxidative environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 120° C. and less than or equal to 220° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the metal-based composite structure in an oxidative environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 220° C. and less than or equal to 450° C.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the oxidative environment is a gaseous environment having an oxygen content of greater than or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 23%.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the heating in the oxidative environment step forms a de-bound metal structure, and the method further comprises sintering the de-bound structure, wherein the metal powder comprises silver metal and/or a silver alloy, and the sintering is performed in a reductive environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 750° C. and less than or equal to 900° C.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the heating in the oxidative environment step forms a de-bound metal structure, and the method further comprises sintering the de-bound structure, wherein the metal powder comprises platinum metal and/or a platinum alloy, and the sintering is performed in a vacuum, inert, or oxidative environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 1400° C. and less than or equal to 1700° C.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the heating in the oxidative environment step forms a de-bound metal structure, and the method further comprises sintering the de-bound structure, wherein the metal powder comprises gold metal and/or a gold alloy, and the sintering is performed in a vacuum, inert, or reductive environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 800° C. and less than or equal to 1000° C.
16. A method of additive manufacturing a metal object by binder jet printing, the method comprising:
depositing a first layer of metal powder;
depositing a binder composition on at least a portion of the first layer of metal powder, the binder composition comprising water and a polymer, the polymer including an acrylic acid repeat unit, wherein the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of greater than or equal to 500 Da and less than or equal to 40 kDa;
curing the deposited binder composition and the deposited first layer of the metal powder by cross-linking at least the polymer of the binder composition deposited on the first layer of the metal powder, thereby forming a metal-based composite structure; and
heating the metal-based composite structure in an oxidative environment having a temperature of greater than or equal to 220° C. and less than or equal to 450° C.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer includes an acrylic acid repeat unit that makes up greater than or equal to 60 mol % of the repeat units within the polymer.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is poly(acrylic acid).
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein metal powder comprises a noble metal and/or copper.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the metal powder comprises silver and/or a silver alloy.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the binder composition comprises one or more cross-linking agents, and wherein the one or more cross-linking agents cross-links at least the polymer of the binder composition during the curing.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the one or more cross-linking agents comprises a polyol, a multifunctional amine, and/or a multifunctional thiol.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the one or more cross-linking agents comprises a polyol.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the one or more cross-linking agents comprises glycerol and/or 1,2-hexanediol.
25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the total wt % of all of the one or more cross-linking agents in the binder composition is greater than or equal to 1 wt %.