Sensor array systems and methods for detecting multiple analytes
Multiple analytes may be dysregulated singularly or concurrently in certain physiological conditions and may be advantageously assayed together using analyte sensors capable of detecting multiple analytes. Certain analyte sensors capable of the detection of multiple analytes may include first and second working electrodes, analyte-responsive active areas disposed on each of the working electrodes, and reference and counter electrodes. Analyte sensors that include multiple working electrodes but do not include reference and counter electrodes can also be used in conjunction with another sensor that contains reference and counter electrodes, such that these electrodes are shared.
1. An electrochemical analyte sensor for continuously detecting glucose and ketones in vivo, the sensor comprising:
a substrate;
a first working electrode disposed on the substrate;
a dielectric layer disposed on the first working electrode;
a second working electrode disposed on the dielectric layer;
a ketones-responsive active area disposed upon a surface of the first working electrode;
a glucose-responsive active area disposed upon a surface of the second working electrode;
a first membrane that is permeable to ketones and overcoats the ketones-responsive active area; and
a second membrane that is permeable to glucose and overcoats the ketones-responsive and the glucose-responsive active areas,
wherein the ketones-responsive active area is located closer to a distal end of the sensor than the glucose-responsive active area, and wherein a distance between the ketones-responsive active area and the glucose-responsive active area is 0.4 mm to 1.1 mm, and
wherein the sensor is partially insertable into skin such that the distal end of the sensor is in contact with an interstitial fluid to continuously detect glucose and ketones in vivo.
2. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the ketones-responsive active area comprises a first polymer and a first electron transfer agent covalently bonded to the first polymer and the glucose-responsive active area comprises a second polymer and a second electron transfer agent covalently bonded to the second polymer.
3. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the ketones-responsive active area further comprises an enzyme system comprising multiple enzymes that are capable of acting in concert to facilitate detection of ketones.
4. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the glucose-responsive active area further comprises an enzyme to facilitate detection of glucose.
5. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first membrane and the second membrane have different compositions.
6. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the distal end of the sensor has a maximum thickness of between about 0.2 mm and about 0.4 mm.
7. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a single reference electrode.
8. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the second membrane is permeable to ketones.
9. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the first membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine.
10. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the second membrane comprises polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene.
11. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the distance between the ketones-responsive active area and the glucose-responsive active area is a distance between a proximal end of the ketones-responsive active area and a distal end of the glucose-responsive active area along a length of the substrate.