System and method for monitoring cardiorespiratory parameters
An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for monitoring the motion, breathing, heart rate of humans in a convenient and low-cost fashion, and for deriving and displaying useful measurements of cardiorespiratory performance from the measured signals. The motion, breathing, and heart rate signals are obtained through a processing applied to a raw signal obtained in a non-contact fashion, typically using a radio-frequency sensor. Processing into separate cardiac and respiratory components is described. The heart rate can be determined by using either spectral or time-domain processing. The respiratory rate can be calculated using spectral analysis. The sensor, processing, and display can be incorporated in a single device which can be worn or held close to the body while exercising, or alternately placed in a fixed piece of exercise equipment at some distance form the body, and may also be integrated with other sensors, such as position locators.
1. A system comprising:
a sensor unit comprising one or more sensors configured to transmit a radio frequency signal towards a living subject and receive a radio frequency signal reflected off a moving body part of the living subject;
a monitoring unit comprising:
one or more processors configured to analyze a raw sensor signal derived from the reflected radio frequency signal to determine one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject, wherein the physiological activity comprises respiration, cardiac activity, or bodily movement, wherein the analysis of the raw sensor signal comprises calculating a short-time Fourier transform of an epoch of the raw sensor signal, wherein the epoch comprises a period of bodily motion, and wherein a segment of the raw sensor signal that corresponds to the period of bodily motion is excluded from the calculation of the short-time Fourier transform; and
a communications system configured to transmit the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject to a separate unit; and
a display configured to provide information relating to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the display is configured to provide trend information relating to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject over a period of time.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the display is configured to provide the trend information as a chart that illustrates a breathing rate or a heart rate of the living subject over the period of time.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the display is further configured to receive the information relating to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject from the separate unit.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit, the monitoring unit, and the display are incorporated into a single stand-alone device.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more sensors comprise at least one radio-frequency Doppler sensor configured to transmit radio frequency signals in a range of 100 MHz to 100 GHz.
7. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
an auditory system configured to provide information relating to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit further comprises a mixer configured to mix the received radio frequency signal and the transmitted radio frequency signal over a predefined period of time to produce a mixed signal, and wherein the raw sensor signal is derived from the mixed signal.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the sensor unit further comprises a low-pass filter configured to filter the mixed signal to obtain the raw sensor signal.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the physiological activity comprises cardiac beats, and wherein the one or more processors are configured to recognize cardiac beats by identifying peaks in the raw sensor signal.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the physiological activity comprises cardiac beats, and wherein the one or more processors are configured to recognize cardiac beats by carrying out a time-domain correlation of the raw sensor signal with a prototypical cardiac signal.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject comprise a breathing rate of the living subject.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the physiological activity comprises respiration and cardiac activity.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to calculate respiratory sinus arrhythmia based on the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the one or more processors are configured to calculate ventilatory threshold based on the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject.
16. A system comprising:
a sensor unit comprising:
one or more sensors configured to transmit a radio frequency signal towards a living subject and receive a radio frequency signal reflected off a moving body part of the living subject; and
a communications system configured to transmit physiological data derived from a combination of the received radio frequency signal and the transmitted radio frequency signal;
a monitoring unit comprising one or more processors configured to receive the physiological data from the sensor unit and analyze the physiological data to determine one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject, wherein the physiological activity comprises respiration, cardiac activity, or bodily movement, wherein the analysis of the physiological data comprises calculating a short-time Fourier transform of an epoch of the physiological data, wherein the epoch comprises a period of bodily motion, and wherein a segment of the physiological data that corresponds to the period of bodily motion is excluded from the calculation of the short-time Fourier transform; and
a display configured to provide information relating to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the monitoring unit and the display are incorporated into a single stand-alone device.
18. A method comprising:
transmitting, with one or more sensors of a sensor unit, a radio frequency signal towards a living subject;
receiving, with the one or more sensors of the sensor unit, a radio frequency signal reflected off a moving body part of the living subject;
analyzing, with one or more processors of a monitoring unit, a raw sensor signal derived from the reflected radio frequency signal to determine one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject, wherein the physiological activity comprises respiration, cardiac activity, or bodily movement, wherein the analysis of the raw sensor signal comprises calculating a short-time Fourier transform of an epoch of the raw sensor signal, wherein the epoch comprises a period of bodily motion, and wherein a segment of the raw sensor signal that corresponds to the period of bodily motion is excluded from the calculation of the short-time Fourier transform; and
transmitting, with a communications system of the monitoring unit, the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject to a separate unit;
receiving, at a display, information from the separate unit, wherein the information relates to the determined one or more measurements of physiological activity of the living subject; and
providing, with the display, the information.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the moving body part is a chest of the living subject, and wherein the raw sensor signal varies in response to motions of the chest due to respiration.
20. The system of claim 1 , wherein the moving body part is a surface layer of skin of the living subject, and wherein the raw sensor signal varies in response to changes in blood pressure due to cardiac activity.
21. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit is a frequency modulated continuous wave system, and wherein a carrier frequency of the transmitted radio frequency signal is chirped to produce a frequency modulated continuous wave of the system.
22. The system of claim 1 , wherein the analysis of the raw sensor signal further comprises finding a spectral peak within the short-time Fourier transform that corresponds to an expected breathing frequency or an expected cardiac frequency.
23. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sensor unit is a continuous wave system, a pulsed continuous wave system, an ultrawideband radar system, or a frequency modulated continuous wave system.
24. The system of claim 23 , wherein the sensor unit is configured to use time-domain gating by ensuring that the received radio frequency signal is combined with the transmitted radio frequency signal over a predefined period of time to derive the raw sensor signal.