Coating of electrode materials for energy storage devices

1. A battery comprising:

a cathode comprising:

a layered nickel-rich material;

a first sub-nanoscale lithium metal oxide coating on the nickel-rich material; and

a sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating on top of the first sub-nanoscale lithium metal oxide coating; wherein the first sub-nanoscale lithium metal oxide and the sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating are less than 1 nm thick; and

an anode comprising:

a composite anode material.

2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the nickel-rich material comprises:

Li 1+a Ni x Co y Mn z Al 1-x-y-z O 2 , wherein 0.0<=a<=1.0, 0.5<=x<=1.0, 0.0<=y<=0.1, 0.0<=z<=0.1, and further wherein the nickel-rich material has less than 0.05 mol of impurities and other elements and less than 5 percent by weight of residual lithium compounds on the surface;

and one or more of a single crystalline primary particle and a combination of secondary and primary particles.

3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises a silicon (Si) and graphite (C) composite with less than 0.05 mol of impurities and other elements.

4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode material comprises a composite of silicon and one or more carbonaceous materials, wherein the composite of silicon and one or more carbonaceous materials includes at least five percent silicon by mass and less than ninety-five percent of the one or more carbonaceous materials by mass, and wherein the carbonaceous materials include one or more of graphite, amorphous carbon, graphene, and carbon nanotube.

5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein:

the cathode and the anode further comprise a conductive polymer coating.

6. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the conductive polymer coating is disposed on the cathode and the anode by one or more of solution mixing, vacuum filtration, cross-linking, and vacuum drying.

7. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the conductive polymer and additive comprises:

one or more of polypyrrole, polyaniline, and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polymer, carbon nanotubes, graphene, conductive carbon, Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, and Os.

8. The battery of claim 5 , wherein the conductive polymer coating is applied, at least in part, by:

dissolving a surfactant into a solvent by stirring for 10 min to 1 hours, dependent on the solubility at a temperature between 10° C. and 50° C.;

mixing the conductive polymer and additive into a solution for 1 to 24 hours at a temperature between 50° C. and 120° C.;

drying in a vacuum at a temperature between 80° C. and 200° C. for 6 to 24 hours; and

collecting the coated powder by using filtration.

9. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the surfactant comprises one or more of sodium dodecyl sulfonate, benalkonium chloride, cocamidopropyl betain, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyvinylidene fluoride, cetyl alcohol, polytetrafluoroethylene, ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

10. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the solvent comprises one or more of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl-methyl carbonate.

11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating includes one or more of:

surface doping;

island and cluster coating; and

conformal layered coating provided by the use of one or more of lithium metal oxides, binary metal oxides, ternary metal oxides, and quaternary metal oxides.

12. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating is deposited, at least in part, by one or more of:

atomic layer deposition;

chemical vapor deposition;

pulsed laser deposition; and

physical vapor deposition.

13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the atomic layer deposition comprises:

providing a ball-milling mechanism, the ball-milling mechanism comprising:

a rotating reactor with a plurality of balls, wherein the plurality of balls comprises one or more of ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , stainless steel, and Al 2 O 3 ;

performing the atomic layer deposition at a deposition temperature between 20 to 400° C.;

providing one or more metal precursors, wherein the metal precursors comprise one or more of Al, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, W, Sn, Ga, Li, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Hf, Ru, Ta, V, Y;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed at a pulse (dose) time for a metal precursor between 0.05 to 60 second to fill the reactor full;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed with one or more pulses (doses) of the same or different metal precursors to form different metal elements on the same layer;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed an exposure time between 1 to 3600 second until saturation;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed for a purge time until it reaches an appropriate vacuum state;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed with H 2 O and/or ozone to attach oxygen on the metal precursor surface;

wherein the atomic layer deposition is performed for one or more cycles; and

wherein the metal oxide coating has a thickness of less than 1 nm.

14. The battery of claim 1 , the first sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of: Al, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, W, Sn, Ga, Li, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Hf, Ru, Ta, V, and Y.

15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating forms Li-metal-oxide coatings without adding additional Li source during the coating process and wherein the first sub-nanoscale metal oxide coating comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting of: Al, Ti, Co, Ni, Cu, Si, Ge, Se, Zr, Nb, W, Sn, Ga, Li, Mg, Sr, Ba, Fe, Hf, Ru, Ta, V, Y.